Constraint

This paper provides an Optimality-Theoretic account of dissimilation in standard Persian as well as some other accents and dialects of Persian. As such, this work starts by introducing Optimality Theory (henceforth OT) and its basic concepts and then it investigates dissimilation in this framework. It argues for the superiority of OT over derivational approaches regarding a case in which both dissimilation and assimilation, with no clear feeding order, are involved.

This paper aims at describing the mechanism of German loanwords adaptation with respect to constraints of Persian language and within OT framework. Consequently the adaptation of consonant clusters and diphthongs as well as the phonemes substituted in loanwords will be examined. Prince and Smolensky’s (1993) Optimality Theory with its key notions of faithfulness and markedness constraints is suited to model this aspect of linguistic competence. So in this research a number of 30 German loanwords were selected as research data of which some were collected through the library method from written resources and the rest are the trade names of German Products that are collected through a field work. Descriptive analysis of the mentioned data within Optimality Theory comes into valuable linguistic conclusions such as: “In Persian, initial consonant clusters of German loanwords are broken up through vowel epenthesis which is mostly identical to the vowel of the second syllable.”

The Realization Optimality Theory is a recent development in the original Optimality Theory which is proposed to deal with morphological issues especially the inflectional ones. Its main idea is to consider the morphological realization rules as ranked violable language-specific constraints that control the realization processes and provide phonological information of grammatical morphemes. This article deals with the investigation of some morphosyntactic (inflectional) features of modern Persian in Realization Optimality Theory, and shows among the other things that it is a better model for treating inflection than the original Optimality Theory, but it still faces some problems with regard to a language like Modern Persian in which some morphosyntactic features are treated differently in formal and informal varieties, hence separate tableaux with different rankings of constraints are sometimes needed in order to select the optimal candidates in each of those varieties.

The balance of geopolitical power of the United States during the last decades was changed. Biden tries to examine US security policy in the third decade of the 21st century by providing a “geopolitical balancing”. The geopolitical balance of the main axis of strategic policy-making should be in the regional security approaches. The main axes of the geopolitical balance of strategic policy- making in regional environments should be the power limitation, containment and balancing the power of the China, Russia, and Iran. Understanding the US security policy in the geopolitical field has generally been accompanied by the signs of change. Barack Obama took advantage of the geopolitical balance of power. Donald Trump policy making was based on the regional and international hegemony. The strategic hegemonic policy system has put regional hegemony on the agenda and need to be addressed in order to make US policy strategic and enforce it. Each US president has adopted a specific form of security policy making in the regional environment. The main question of the article is “Should a strategic policy making of Joe Biden be in a regional environment?” The hypothesis of the article is based on the view that “Biden uses strategic policy making threat of balancing to counter the various rival actors as so China, Russia and Iran.” Threat balancing theory has been used in compiling the article. Threat balancing theory was a special form of US strategic behavior of the power equation to limit and containing the rise of others as so emerging actors. The methodology of article based on data analysis and content analysis.