Early Maladaptive Schema

<span>Cognitive models of depression propose that negative schemas and Early Maladaptive Schema contribute to depressive symptoms<span lang="FA" dir="RTL">.</span> The purpose of this study is to identify the early maladaptive Schema of patients with depression disorder. The method of study is descriptive. Research statistics involves all patients with depression disorder who have come to the counseling centers of Tehran and Hamadan. The method of sample choosing is stratified sampling.  This study was conducted among 120 patients with depression disorder.  Instruments in this study were included Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Short Form of Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). The analysis of the results showed high correlation between early maladaptive schema and symptoms of depression disorder (P < 0.05).</span><span>Regression analysis showed that early maladaptive schema of social isolation/alienation, enmeshment/undeveloped self andemotional inhibitionwere independent predictors of depression disorder.  The results of the present study indicate that identifying schema of depression in patients can help them understand the predisposing factors of their problem.</span>

Early maladaptive schemas are the basis of many high-risk behaviors and psychological disorders. The objective of this study was to predict high-risk behaviors based on early maladaptive schemas among university students. The statistical population of this study included all male and female students at Sari University. The sample included 182 college students) 88 males and94 females) who were chosen via the convenience sampling method? The instruments included the Schema Questionnaire (Young, 1991) and Risk Behaviors Questionnaire (Zadeh Mohammadi & Ahmadabadi 2009). Data were analyzed through stepwise multiple regression. It showed that dependence could explain 13%of the variance of violence. Shame, perfectionism, entitlement, ment, and failure (in four steps) could explain 21% of the variance of drug abuse. In addition, shame and perfectionism (in two steps) could explain 9.3%of the variance of alcohol consumption. Moreover, dependency and emotional inhibition (in two steps) could explain 6.4% of the variance of involvement the romantic activity. According to the findings of this study considering the predictability of students’ high-risk behaviors based on some early maladaptive schemas in order to prevent the spread of high-risk behaviors, the factors affecting the formation of early maladaptive schemas among students should be considered. Also, the results, have important implications for the pathology, prediction, prevention, and treatment of high-risk behaviors among university students.

Objective: This study aimed to predict marital intimacy based on attachment styles, early maladaptive schemas, and love styles among married female students. Method: The research employed a descriptive correlational design and included all married female students enrolled during the second semester of the academic year 2021. Out of these, 300 individuals were selected as the sample group and were studied. Research instruments included the Young Schema Questionnaire - Short Form (YSQ-SF), Hendrick's Love Styles Questionnaire, Collins and Read's Attachment Style Questionnaire (RAAS), and Thompson and Walker's (1983) Marital Intimacy Questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data obtained from these instruments. Descriptive statistics included means and standard deviations, while multiple regression was used to examine the research hypotheses. Findings: The regression results indicated that sacrificial love style and the impaired limits schema negatively predict marital intimacy. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the sacrificial love style and the impaired limits schema negatively explain marital intimacy.

Objective: This study aimed to predict the tendency towards divorce in couples involved in infidelity based on marital intimacy and satisfaction, mediated by ethical orientation styles. Method: The research method was correlational, involving a statistical population of couples seeking counseling in districts one and two of Tehran in 2021. The sample size was 250 individuals of both genders, selected through random quota sampling. Data collection tools included: the Tendency Towards Divorce Scale by Rusbult, Johnson, & Morrow (1986), the Infidelity Scale by Yeni Seri & Kokdemir (2006), the Marital Intimacy Scale by Bagarozzi (2001), the Marital Satisfaction Scale by Enrich (1995), and the Ethical Orientation Styles Scale by Haidt & Graham (2007). Data analysis methods used descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling, and PLS3 SMART software. Findings: The results indicated that there was a negative relationship between marital intimacy and the tendency towards divorce among couples involved in infidelity. There was also a negative relationship between marital satisfaction and the tendency towards divorce in these couples. Marital intimacy and satisfaction could predict the tendency towards divorce mediated by ethical orientation styles. Additionally, there was a significant positive relationship between marital satisfaction and intimacy with ethical orientation styles, with ethical orientation styles mediating the relationship between these variables and the tendency towards divorce. Conclusions: This relationship intensifies when mediated by ethical orientation styles. Thus, with an increase in marital satisfaction, the tendency towards divorce due to infidelity decreases. This justifies the use of interventionist approaches to strengthen marital satisfaction to reduce the tendency towards divorce due to infidelity.

Objective: The primary goal of this study was to present a forgiveness model based on childhood maltreatment and attachment styles, with the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in betrayal victims. Methods: This descriptive correlational study involved betrayal victims who had sought counseling in Tehran in 2022, with a sample of 653 individuals selected through convenience sampling. The instruments used included Bernstein et al.'s (2003) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Hazan and Shaver's (1987) Attachment Style Questionnaire, Young's (1999) Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire, and the Forgiveness Questionnaire by Ray et al. (2001). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24. Findings: The results indicated a negative relationship between childhood maltreatment, insecure attachment styles, and early maladaptive schemas with forgiveness, while secure attachment showed a positive relationship with forgiveness. Furthermore, the results suggested that early maladaptive schemas mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment, attachment styles, and forgiveness in betrayal victims. Conclusion: Overall, the results indicated that the evaluated structural model was well-fitted, and the findings could assist therapists and counselors in better understanding the forgiveness process in betrayal victims.