crude oil

By intensifying sanctions against Islamic Republic of Iran, identification and development of mechanisms to sell crude oil has gained attention among most experts and oil industry activists. Limitations for financial transactions and settlements are one of the fundamental challenges in international oil transactions; thus, various solutions are proposed to solve the limitation. Using capability of virtual currencies is one of the proposed suggestions for petroleum transaction under sanctions but there is a research gap in finding whether and which one of these currencies are able to be used in petroleum transactions in present condition. In this study, performed by analysis and quantitative approach, indices are introduced for choosing a valid currency for international transactions, and subsequently are confirmed by experts. The indices are ranked by the experts through TOPSIS method and are studied on the most suitable virtual currencies to find the best suit for petroleum transactions. The results reveal that Bitcoin, Ethereum and Tether are respectively the best, second and third choice for this end. It is noteworthy that some experts might believe the virtual currency market size may not meet the high volume of crude oil transactions, making it unsuitable. Although current study has shown that there would be no problem in covering the whole petroleum market for Iran’s crude oil by virtual currencies platform, if the concerns remain, virtual currency platform could be used for selling Iran’s crude oil temporarily and partially through various channels.

The Unconventional Gas Production Revolution in the US has ushered in new opportunities for American petrochemical companies, granting abundant access to gas resources and fostering business growth. Consequently, prominent global petrochemical firms have made substantial investments in the United States' petrochemical and chemical industries. Simultaneously, the surge in gas production from unconventional reserves in the US has led to considerable growth in the country's petrochemical output. To address this crucial topic, we conducted a comprehensive time series analysis, investigating the long and short-term relationships between oil and polyethylene prices in the US during the shale gas development phase. Employing an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for the period spanning from January 2013 to December 2017, our research findings reveal that, in the long run, there exists a positive and significant influence of the oil price variable on polyethylene prices. However, in the short term, no discernible impact on the polyethylene price variable was observed. Interestingly, the analysis also indicates a unidirectional causal relationship, with oil prices influencing polyethylene prices. This finding suggests that despite the divergence between oil and gas prices, oil remains a crucial determinant of petrochemical product pricing. The results underscore the significance of shale gas development and its impact on the petrochemical industry. As the US continues to experience increased gas production, comprehending the intricate relationships between oil, gas, and petrochemical prices becomes imperative for companies' strategic decision-making and policymakers alike.

This study conducts a comprehensive examination of the interlinkages among four key financial markets—crude oil, gold, currency, and equities—over the July 23, 2013, to March 12, 2025. This study employs the Contemporaneous and Lagged R2 Decomposed connectedness approach recently introduced by Balli et al. (2023), which allows us to decompose the connectedness among variables into lagged and contemporaneous components. As the previous approaches only show overall or contemporary results, this novel approach fills the gap in the literature. The findings reveal that most spillovers occur contemporaneously, with the U.S. dollar playing a central role in the propagation of contemporaneous shocks. In contrast, gold emerges as a significant transmitter of long-term shocks, underscoring its relevance for strategic risk management. Moreover, crude oil is the main receiver of shocks in the average and lagged connectedness in the network. Dynamic analyses indicate heightened market sensitivity during periods of geopolitical tension, particularly under intensified sanctions and currency volatility in Iran. By uncovering the evolving structure of cross-market dependencies, this research offers valuable insights for portfolio allocation, systemic risk assessment, and the formulation of responsive economic policies in times of financial stress.