Qualification

The roles and effects of changes in syntax on comprehension and processing effort, and the relationships between these two, comprise a large and separate field of inquiry, with the general belief now in place that such changes and variations bring about varied psycholinguistic and discursive implications for comprehension, manifesting themselves differently in different genres.The current study is a brief attempt at bringing out the differences in the complexity of the noun groups in two novels, one of which is a 19th century novel, Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, and the other is a 21st century one, Stephanie Meyer’s Twilight. Each novel was analyzed for the ten longest nominal groups used in them, representative also of the complexity inherently evidenced by a long nominal group. It turned out that there is little difference between the size of noun groups in the two novels. Thus, the added complexity and challenge in processing and comprehending 19th century prose fiction can be explained by the generic tendency in such genre towards the deployment of a higher rate of rank-shifted embedded structures in the noun groups and more varied qualifiers that employ more non-finite clauses as post-nominal qualification. There is need to look into processing difficulty and interpretation challenge posed by different literary genres for different groups of learners, because, in line with a now common SLA understanding, full and conscious comprehension, parsing and interpretation of syntactic components play a marked role in rich and native-like writing for learners.

Urbanization and urban development have been considered as one of the main phenomena of contemporary age. As the last century was called as industrial revolution, the current century can be called as urban revolution. Urbanization growth in its modern meaning has been originated from industrial countries and changed to a worldwide phenomenon in the second half of twenties century and was intensified more and more. One of the most important challenges which urban planners were faced by was the way of providing urban permanent financial resources. This challenge is more and more increased when the need for public services in cities and financial limitation in municipalities from other side are increasing. In this regard, one of the items seeming to be influential in stabilization of urban income in Tehran is the increase of health tourism capacities. This study has been practical in term of objective and descriptive analysis in term of method. In order to complete the information and better investigate the topic of the research a questionnaire was designed based on hypothesis and distributed among 155 health tourism experts and authorites in Tehran. The results showed that health tourism qualification is influential on stabilization and cooperation of urban incomes in Tehran.