Writer

Following successive revolutions in the 19th century that were concurrent with economic and political welfare of the Bourgeoisie Class at the time, France was undergoing many social transformations. Despite the prevailing apparent calm in the country after the 1848 revolution, there were some social conflicts; and Maupassant as a prominent figure among the writers of the second half of the 19th century – as it also goes for today - was trying to depict an approximately realistic image of the society of his time. Undoubtedly, from a structural perspective, this is the concern to be close to reality that gives polyphonic quality to the works of Maupassant, which sometimes makes them very impressive. Some critics claim that Maupassant’s prose does not exceed the writing rules in such a way that this "realistic" article, in principal, is only a part of a subjective and one-sided aspect of history. In this regard, the present study is an attempt to investigate the conditions and relationships between Maupassant's characters in the story.

The commitment of literature stirred up controversy in the face of European cataclysm of the post-war period. The significance of literature in political spheres fell under suspicion. It came to be looked at as a passive, impractical activity that could not express the horrors of W WII. Jean-Paul Sartre, the leading literary figure of existentialism in France, faced with such criticisms, decided to investigate the role of the writer and the reader, and endeavored to open a gateway for writers to participate in their societies actively. This study is concerned with the first three chapters of the monograph including “What is Writing?,” “Why Does One Write?,” and “For Whom Does One Write?” The present analysis does not address Sartre’s Existential philosophy per se; however, it briefly examines the roots of Sartre’s conception of literature in continental philosophy and the critical responses to his work from the perspectives of Alain Robbe-Grillet and Theodor W. Adorno. This paper endeavors to give a clear insight into Sartre’s idea of commitment and the freedom of the writer, and what he introduced as “human right literature” as an antithesis to both Marxism and Capitalism.