هستی ربیع همدانی

Technological advancement in recent years has compelled central banks to look for new ways to effectively provide payment systems that are fast and more convenient compared to traditional paper-based payment systems. It has led to the birth of the concept of digital currencies issued solely by central banks called Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). As this concept is relatively new, there is ongoing research being conducted by several central banks worldwide, and while the research work done thus far has answered many questions, there remains a number of unsettled issues and questions. This paper aims to delve into the literature on this concept and focus on several key questions like the reasons for issuing digital currency, payment systems efficiency, and the advantages and disadvantages of digital currencies issued by central banks. Answering these questions could substantially help figure out the usefulness of creating a new payment method alongside the current payment system. However, extensive future research is required for a comprehensive understanding the effectiveness and usefulness of digital currencies.

In this paper we utilize the main findings from the recent literature to set the economic foundation for the existence of money, its modern interpretation as “memory” (Chokerlakota 1998) and how the Blockchain technology has empowered crypto currencies to perform this role in the information age. To locate the issue in a historical perspective and in line with this strand of thought, we consider direct and indirect exchange and the Wicksell triangle and discuss the frictions under which the need for fiat money arises. More specifically, it will be argued when “reputation” (trust) is imperfect, high cost of enforcing contracts undermines the case for pure private money (credit). The corner stones of the present system, a remnant of 20th century central banks’ fiat money and “private money” issued by the banking system and the current payment system relies primarily on the technologies and centralized “trust” protocols developed before the early 1990s. The internet and the digital technology have greatly reduced the costs of gathering and storing information and thus is able to compete with the traditional payment system in the future in the niche markets. In this connection, how the Blockchain technology can complement internet technology for creation of crypto currency for payments, money transfers and asset purchases will be discussed. Finally, the paper examines whether crypto currencies can replace money in its current form. It will be shown that in the case of crypto currencies, high price volatility undermines the store of value function of money and this factor plus issues pertaining to money laundering and taxation prevents them to become a widespread form of money, though they will be used as a medium of exchange in the niche markets.