ﻧﻘﺶ ﻇﻠﻢ در اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻓﻘﻬی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
ﻇﻠﻢ و ﻋﺪل از ﻣﻔﺎﻫیﻢ ﺑﺴیﺎر ﺗﺄﺛیﺮﮔﺬار و ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ در اﻧﺪیﺸه ﺑﺸﺮی اﺳﺖ. یکی از ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻬﻢ در ایﻦ ﺧﺼﻮص، اﺛﺮی اﺳﺖ کﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻇﻠﻢ ﻣیﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﻓﺮآیﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط اﺣکﺎم ﺷﺮﻋی ایﻔﺎ کﻨﺪ. ایﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ درﺻﺪد اﺳﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻇﻠﻢ در ایﻦ ﻓﺮآیﻨﺪ را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس کﺘﺐ ﻟﻐﺖ، ﺑﻪ ویﮋه کﺘﺐ ﻧﺰدیک ﺑﻪ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺻﺪور وﺣی، ﻇﻠﻢ را ﻣیﺗﻮان «ﺗﻌﺪی از ﺣﺪ» ﻣﻌﻨﺎ کﺮد. در ﻣﺘﻮن دیﻨی، ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮص ﻗﺮآن کﺮیﻢ ﻫﻢ، ﻫﻤیﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ ایﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ، در اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻓﻘﻬی ﻫﺮﺟﺎ از ﺣﺪودی کﻪ ﺷﺎرع آن را ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺷﻤﺮده ﺗﺨﻄی ﺷﻮد، ﻇﻠﻢ واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺣﺪود ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ در ﻓﻘﻪ، ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺣﺪودی اﺳﺖ کﻪ ﺷﺎرع مشخصاً ﺗﻌییﻦ ﻧﻤﻮده، و ﺣﺪود ﻋﻘﻠی و ﻋﺮﻓی کﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر آن ﺣکﻢ کﺮده یﺎ آن را ردع ﻧکﺮده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﻧﺘیﺠﻪ، ﻇﻠﻢ ﻣﻼکی اﺳﺖ کﻪ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻓﻀﺎی ﻓﻘﻪ و ﻓﺮآیﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﺟﺮیﺎن دارد و دو ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻤﺪه ﺑﺮای آن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺼﻮر اﺳﺖ: اول، در ﻣﻮاردی کﻪ اﻃﻼق یﺎ ﻋﻤﻮم دﻟیﻠی ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﻮط کﻠی ﺷﺮﻋی ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺎت داﺷﺖ، ﻣیﺗﻮاﻧﺪ دﻟیﻞ را ﻣﻘیﺪ کﻨﺪ یﺎ از ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻨﺼﺮف ﻧﻤﺎیﺪ. دوم، در ﺗﻔﺮیﻌﺎت ﻓﻘﻬی و ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺪیﺪ ﻣیﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺣکﻢ ﻗﺮار ﮔیﺮد.Role of Injustice in Jurisprudential Inference
Justice and injustice are two influential and highly debated issues in human schools of thought. One key discussion in this regard, is the role the concept of injustice can play in the procedures related to inference of thereligious rules. This paper intends to clarify the role of injustice in this procedure. Based on the dictionaries, especially those belonging to the immediate post-Revelation period, injustice means “trespassing limits”. It also means the same in religious texts, the Holy Quran in particular. On this basis, in jurisprudential inference, injustice takes place whenever onetrespasses the limits specified by the legislator. The valid limits in jurisprudence are the same specified by the legislator as well as the rational and common limits based on which the legislator has set the limits or avoided prohibition. Consequently, injustice is a criterion at work throughout the totality of jurisprudence and legal inference. Two major roles have been considered for injustice: First, in cases where attribution of something or reasoning is in incompatibility with general guidelines of Sharia law, it can restrict reason or dissuade the case. Second, it can serve as a proof of judgment in jurisprudential ramifications and newly raised issues.
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