بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر کارآیی فنی و انرژی تولید پیاز در دشت تبریز: کاربرد و مقایسه توابع تولید فیزیکی و هم ارز انرژی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مهم ترین هدف بخش کشاورزی در فرآیند توسعه، تأمین نیازهای غذایی جمعیت رو به رشد جهان است. بنابراین، بهره گیری اصولی از منابعی همچون انرژی در راستای ارتقای کارآیی واحدهای کشاورزی و کاهش آلودگی های زیست محیطی ضرورت می یابد. بدین ترتیب، هدف مطالعه حاضر اندازه گیری کارآیی فنی و انرژی تولید پیاز در دشت تبریز و تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر آن بود. داده های مورد نیاز از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه از 140 کشاورز پیازکار منطقه در سال زراعی 1402-1401 جمع آوری و سپس، با استفاده از روش هم ارزهای استاندارد، به واحد انرژی تبدیل شدند. آنگاه برای محاسبه کارآیی، برآورد توابع تولید فیزیکی و هم ارز انرژی با رهیافت تولید مرزی تصادفی صورت گرفت. همچنین، برای شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر کارآیی، الگوی رگرسیونی توبیت به کار گرفته شد. نتایج تخمین تابع ترانسلوگ مرزی تصادفی مؤید آن بود که عوامل تولید بذر، آب، نیروی کار، کود شیمیایی و سم دارای تأثیر معنی دار بر مقدار تولید و انرژی خروجی محصول پیاز دارند. همچنین، برابر یافته های پژوهش، میانگین کارآیی فنی برابر با 73 درصد و کارآیی انرژی 74 درصد بود. برآورد الگوی توبیت نشان داد که سن، سطح تحصیلات، تعداد قطعات زمین زراعی، میزان سطح زیر کشت، درآمد کشاورز و شرکت در کلاس های ترویجی از جمله عوامل تأثیرگذار بر کارآیی فنی و انرژی بودند. از این رو، نتایج و یافته های مربوط به مقادیر کارآیی و عوامل تأثیرگذار بر آن در هر دو مورد همسو و تقریباً یکسان بوده و برای افزایش کارآیی فنی و انرژی، تماس و بهره گیری از تجارب و مهارت های کاربردی کشاورزان باسابقه توصیه می شود؛ افزون بر این، با تولید محصول در قطعات محدود ولی بزرگ تر، می توان به افزایش کارآیی و بهره مندی از مزایای صرفه های مقیاس دست یافت.Investigation of Factors Affecting the Technical and Energy Efficiencies of Onion Production in Tabriz Plain of Iran: Application and Comparison of Physical and Energy Equivalent Production Functions
Introduction: Over recent decades, one of the major challenges for developing countries such as Iran has been how to increase agricultural production and ensure food security. In this regard, the optimal utilization of resources, particularly energy, is crucial for improving the efficiency of agricultural units and reducing environmental pollution. With population growth and rising living standards, energy demand in agriculture has increased while land constraints have further exacerbated the challenges in this sector. The pattern of resource use and energy losses in agricultural production has made this sector a significant contributor to the country's total energy consumption. Given that agriculture is both an energy consumer and producer, a reciprocal relationship exists between the two. Accordingly, this study aimed at measuring the technical and energy efficiencies of onion production and identifying the factors influencing them in the Tabriz Plain. Materials and Methods: In this study, two approaches, including parametric and nonparametric, were employed to estimate the efficiency of onion production. The parametric approach utilizes Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) while the nonparametric approach is based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). However, the stochastic frontier production function has gained more attention among researchers due to its higher precision and flexibility. To determine the appropriate functional form for estimating the stochastic frontier production function, the likelihood ratio test was conducted between the translog and Cobb-Douglas forms, with results indicating the superiority of the translog function. This function was used to estimate the production function. Furthermore, to estimate the energy-equivalent production function and calculate energy efficiency, the physical quantities of inputs and output were converted into energy equivalents. After determining the technical and energy efficiency values, the factors affecting these efficiencies were analyzed. Since the dependent variable (efficiency) was limited within the range of zero and one, the tobit regression model was used to obtain more efficient estimations of the effective factors. Accordingly, tobit regression was used to analyze the determinants of efficiency in onion farms in the Tabriz Plain. Using Cochran’s formula, the sample size was determined to be 140. The required data were collected through face-to-face interviews and structured questionnaires from 140 onion farmers in the Tabriz Plain during the 2022-2023 cropping year. Results and Discussion: The estimation of the stochastic frontier translog production function showed that the physical and energy-equivalent of inputs such as seeds, labor, water, pesticides and fertilizers had significant impacts on both the physical output and energy output. This suggests alignment and consistency between the two functions. Based on the results, the average technical efficiency was estimated at 73 percent. The existence of 27 percent inefficiency indicated potential for increasing efficiency and achieving maximum output without changing the input levels. Additionally, the average energy efficiency was found to be 74 percent, and with the proper and efficient use of energy inputs and adherence to management principles, energy efficiency in the produced output can be increased by approximately 26 percent on average. It is observed that the efficiency, based on either the physical function or the energy-equivalent function, does not differ significantly and thus, the inefficiency values are relatively the same. The results of the tobit model estimation showed that the age had a significantly positive effect on both technical and energy efficiencies. The marginal effect of age indicates that, on average, a one-year increase in the age of producers results in a 0.0043 percent increase in technical efficiency and a 0.0045 percent increase in energy efficiency; in addition, factors such as education, cultivated area, income and participation in extension training programs also had a positive impact on both technical and energy efficiencies; in contrast, the number of land plots had a negative effect on both efficiencies, as the fragmentation and dispersion of onion farms would lead to a reduction in both technical and energy efficiencies. As shown by the study results, an inverse relationship exists between the number of land plots and efficiency where each additional plot reduces technical and energy efficiencies by 0.103 and 0.112 percent, respectively, due to increased time and effort required for farm management. Conversely, larger cultivated areas enhance efficiency, as farmers benefit from economies of scale, making production more cost-effective. Conclusion and Suggestions: Based on the results, relation with educated and experienced farmers is recommended to improve technical and energy efficiencies. Utilizing their technical knowledge, skills and experience can contribute to optimizing the input use and increasing the agricultural production. Moreover, promoting sustainable farming practices, such as efficient irrigation techniques and precise management of fertilizers and pesticides, is among the key strategies that can improve the efficiency. Additionally, cultivating crops on larger and more consolidated farms enhances the efficiency and allows the farmers to benefit from the economies of scale, because managing larger fields is more centralized and cost-effective, leading to reduced operational expenses. As revealed by the concerned research, larger farms have greater access to advanced technologies, mechanized farming and modern management systems, ultimately improving productivity and minimizing resource wastage. Since an increase in the number of land plots negatively affects efficiency, it is recommended that farmers utilize larger and integrated lands for crop production to achieve higher productivity and profitability. Land consolidation facilitates more effective crop rotation, optimal use of agricultural machinery and lower costs associated with field management and transportation, all of which contribute to better economic and environmental performance in agriculture.
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