هیدرولیبرال دیپلماسی؛ رویکردی نوین در روابط هیدروپلیتیکی ایران و همسایگان؛ مطالعه موردی: حوضه رودخانه فرامرزی اروند رود (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
بی تردید امروزه آب به یک جستار سیاسی در رابطه با حصول قدرت درآمده و دیپلماسی آب به عنوان هنر سازش و همکاری بر روی منابع آب های مشترک در روابط هیدروپلیتیکی میان دولت های ساحلی ظهور پیدا کرده است. در ایران با توجه به این که اختلافات آبی متعددی در حوضه رودخانه های فرامرزی مشترک آن وجود دارد، به نظر می رسد که دیپلماسی آب با همسایگان یک نیاز ضروری است و می بایستی در دستگاه تصمیمات کلان ملی اهمیت داده شود. هدف از این پژوهش، واکاوی و تحلیل اسناد آب مرزی دیپلماسی آب در روابط هیدروپلیتیکی ایران و عراق در حوضه رودخانه فرامرزی اروند رود می باشد. سؤال پژوهش این است که در روابط هیدروپلیتیکی ایران و عراق چه مشکلاتی وجود دارد؟ و دیپلماسی آب چه نقشی می تواند در فروکاست معضلات هیدروپلیتیکی این حوضه داشته باشد؟ بر این اساس، این پژوهش با روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای و اسنادی صورت پذیرفته و بر اساس یافته های تحقیق که با استفاده از اسناد مرکز پژوهش های مجلس شورای اسلامی انجام شده است، نتایج حاکی از آن بوده که اختلاف بر سر مالکیت آب این رودخانه همواره وجود داشته و به لحاظ تاریخی، طبق بررسی های انجام شده، دستگاه دیپلماسی آب در روابط هیدروپلیتیکی ایران و عثمانی و ایران و عراق در حوضه اروند رود از سال 1847م. تاکنون به صورت منفعلانه بوده که نیاز است کشور ایران در این زمینه برای حل مسائل خود با عراق و سپس ترکیه در حوضه مذکور، وارد دیپلماسی آب بالفعل شود و نیز شورایی را تحت عنوان «شورای هماهنگی حقوقی آب» راه اندازی کند. در همین راستا، ایران و عراق می بایستی در جهت تقویت پایه های همکاری به منظور کاهش دامنه تنش ها و رقابت ها تلاش کنند."Hydroliberal Diplomacy"; A New Approach in Hydropolitical Relations between Iran and its Neighbors; Case Study: Arvandroud Transboundary River Basin
IntroductionThe country of Iran shares with its neighbors in four geographical directions, the basin of transboundary water rivers, and the issue of water and how to manage it has suffered special sensitivities. So, Iran shares a common river border with its 7 neighbors, the longest river border of Iran is related to Aras River (common border between Iran, Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan with a length of 475 km) and the smallest river border is related to Dourij River, which is 2.5 km long. It forms a part of the common border between Iran and Iraq (Mianabadi, 2012:205). It is necessary to explain that Iran has a special hydropolitical situation in each of the transboundary river basins that it shares with its neighbors. For example, Iran is in a lower position in its eastern borders and in a higher position in its western borders (Abdi and Mokhtari, 1384:196). For this reason, in each of the transboundary river basins, the country of Iran has had differences with its neighbors in terms of the way of dividing border waters and has experienced severe conflicts in some cases (Khaldi et al., 2013: 54). Therefore, this has caused the country of Iran to use special policies with its neighbors in the field of exploitation of common water resources. In this regard, in the Arvandroud transboundary river basin, the countries of Iran and Iraq over the use of the water of this river, which have had unresolved water disputes since ancient times in bilateral hydropolitical policies and relations over how to divide and use the water resources fairly; The country of Iraq has always tried to get more water for itself with a self-centered (self-interpreting) strategy, which led to an 8-year war with the establishment of the Baath regime in Iraq and finally in the years 1968 to 1975 AD. With the mediation of the Algerian government, a contract was signed in 1975. It was concluded between the two countries, which reduced the water disputes between the two countries to some extent. But the most important point that should be pointed out is that despite the water disputes that exist between the two countries on how to use and exploit the river water; There is still no ground for a potential diplomacy that can focus on solving the water disputes between the two countries. Therefore, it is necessary to take this important action in order to solve the water disputes of the two countries, and in this way, the hydropolitical issues and challenges of both countries can be overcome. Based on this, considering the role and sensitivity of water in the hydropolitical relations between Iran and its neighbors, especially in the Arvandroud transboundary river basin, the current research with the theoretical approach of hydroliberal diplomacy as a new approach to the challenges and issues arising in the hydropolitical relations between the coastal states, tries to with this aim to study water diplomacy and its role in the hydropolitical relations between Iran and Iraq over the Arvandroud river. In addition, since this study is a case study in terms of research strategy; Its main concern can be considered to be the emergence of political tensions and disputes over water in this basin, which become more complex every day with the passage of time. MethodologyIn terms of its purpose and quality, the current research is one of applied researches, and with a descriptive-analytical method, it investigated the role of water diplomacy in the hydropolitical relations between Iran and Iraq in the Arvandroud transboundary river basin with a theoretical approach of hydroliberal diplomacy and tried to based on the documentation of the border water of the Arvandroud river. To analyze the water diplomacy in the hydropolitical relations of the two countries and its most important hydropolitical problems and challenges. Finally, the method of collecting data and information in the form of slip writing and using library and document resources, including scientific articles and books and documents on border water related to the Research Center of the Islamic Council, has been used. Results and DiscussionThe current research is based on the water agreements between the two countries and the non-compliance with the legal and diplomatic principles contained in the agreements and protocols resulting from them, which resulted in the violation of Iran's rights on the issue of ownership and exploitation of river water during the past periods until today by third governments. could have been, the hydropolitical relations of the two countries have always turned negative. So that, despite the water negotiations that have existed between the two countries in various fields, the different positions of the two countries have caused the foundations of water diplomacy to be less strong, which has repeatedly led to the appearance of the effect of water diplomacy in the hydropolitical relations of the two countries in the form of negative aspects. conflict) has been In addition, with the reduction of the rights of Syria and Iraq by the Turkish government in the Tigris and Euphrates transboundary river basin, which is considered a security, political, economic and social threat to Iraq and Syria as well as to Iran on the western side, both countries should strengthen The foundations of water diplomacy in their hydropolitical relations with each other and therefore, by making a bilateral or multilateral agreement with Turkey with the theoretical approach of hydroliberal diplomacy as a new strategy, a new chapter of fairer negotiations with a real water diplomacy strategy can be created in the hydropolitical relations of the two countries. If there is no double operational action, the hydropolitical relations between Iran and Iraq will eventually lead to tension. Therefore, hydroliberal diplomacy as a new approach in the hydropolitical relations between Iran and its neighbors, especially between the countries of Iran and Iraq in the ArvandRoud basin, which refers to water as a factor of "cooperation"; He points to the importance and position of water diplomacy and admits: As long as the water treaties and agreements between the two countries are considered and implemented by actors in the diplomatic space and are focused on the axis of peace and cooperation, the positive aspects of hydropolitics will be visible in the hydropolitical relations of the two countries. will be On the contrary, when water agreements and treaties between two countries in order to understand and how to manage and control shared border water resources are neglected or violated by another, challenges and war over water will appear, and based on this, water is conflict-oriented. Emphasizes and often ignores the interaction-oriented, cooperative and peaceful view (the negative aspects of hydropolitics). ConclusionThe hydropolitical relations between Iran and the Ottomans in Arvandroud can be seen as the hydropolitical relations between Ares, Atrak and Hirmand, and most of these negotiations were not in favor of Iran. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the formation of the Iraqi government, the negotiations on the hydropolitical relations between the two countries continued over the common water resources of the Arvand River and the determination of border lines in the river. In this period, only in one period of time and with the arrival of Abdul Rahman Aref, the relations between the two countries were based on cooperation and friendship; But with the establishment of the Baath regime in Iraq, the relations between the two countries became dark and the water diplomacy was also weakened. In other words, this period can be considered as the period of dominance of negative hydropolitics over positive hydropolitics, when two countries went to war for 8 years without negotiation regarding the ownership of Arvandrud river. Based on this, despite the ups and downs that have existed in the basin from the past until today, and this basin is considered the only basin in Iran that has experienced a full-scale war. It is expected that in the not too distant future this basin will be one of the basins with high tension in Iran's hydropolitics. Today, despite the emerging problems and dilemmas related to the two countries, which can be attributed to Turkey's indiscriminate construction of dams in the upper reaches of the basin, river water pollution caused by the industrial effluents of the basin countries and as a result the reduction of its water quality, Turkey's instrumental view of the water in the upstream, the reduction of Iraq's water rights. and Iran in Arvandroud, followed by the aggravation of the micro dust crisis caused by Turkey's dam construction projects on the headwaters of this river, the change of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by Turkey and Syria, which has ultimately reduced the water flow of Arvandroud. Therefore, as time passes and the system of river water issues in this basin becomes more complicated in the relations between the two countries, if no action is taken to solve them, the tensions between the two countries will deepen and widen and may be drawn into a hostile state. In this regard, the two countries of Iran and Iraq should set up a council under the title of "Water Legal Coordination Council" in order to solve each other's problems. This council should consist of representatives of three countries: Iran, Iraq and Turkey. On the other hand, Iran should strive to strengthen water diplomacy in its relations with Turkey; So that the two countries of Iran and Turkey can improve their hydropolitical relations with each other in Arvandroud and Aras basins with a conciliatory approach.In general, it can be concluded that the process and apparatus of water diplomacy in the hydropolitical relations between Iran and Iraq in the transboundary river basin of Arvandroud since 1847 AD. So far it has been passive. One of the important reasons for this is 1) the continuation of disputes over the ownership of Arvandrod River; 2) Türkiye's indiscriminate dam constructions in the upstream of the basin; 3) decrease in river water quality; 4) Türkiye's instrumental view of water; 5) Intensification of the fine dust crisis in Iran and Iraq; 6) The deviation of the river's path is indicated.
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