شناسایی و سطح بندی عوامل مؤثر در اوقات فراغت بانوان با تأکید بر فعالیت های بدنی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف این پژوهش تدوین شناسایی و سطح بندی عوامل مؤثر در اوقات فراغت بانوان با تأکید بر فعالیت های بدنی با رویکرد مدل سازی ساختاری تفسیری است. این پژوهش از نظر جهت گیری پژوهش، کاربردی و از نظر فلسفه پژوهش، در زمره پژوهش های آمیخته است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را متخصصان و کارشناسان اوقات فراغت و همچنین متخصصان مدیریت ورزشی و کارشناسان برگزاری رویدادهای ورزش خانوادگی و زنان تشکیل داده اند. در بخش کیفی تحقیق، به منظور گردآوری اطلاعات از ابزار مصاحبه عمیق و در بخش کمّی تحقیق، ابزار به کارگرفته شده پرسش نامه بود. به منظور تجزیه وتحلیل اطلاعات بخش کیفی از سه فرایند هم پوش کدگذاری باز، محوری و گزینشی و به منظور تحلیل اطلاعات بخش کمّی از روش مدل سازی ساختاری تفسیری با نرم افزار ISM software استفاده شد. یافته ها در بخش کیفی، نشان داد عوامل مؤثر در اوقات فراغت بانوان با تأکید بر فعالیت های بدنی، از 115 کد باز و 33 مفهوم و 14 مقوله اصلی تشکیل شده است. همچنین نتایج مدل ساختاری تفسیری در بخش کمّی، نشان داد که درک نیاز به ورزش بانوان، تجهیزات و امکانات اثرگذار، وضعیت جامعه پذیری اوقات فراغت بانوان و وضعیت درآمدی و مالی بانوان در سطح اول، عوامل فردی در سطح دوم، شرایط اجتماعی خانواده و بستر سازی سازمان ها برای اوقات فراغت بانوان و دانش افزایی بانوان درمورد اوقات فراغت در سطح سوم، ترویج فعالیت های بدنی در قالب اوقات فراغت برای بانوان، بهبود جامعه پذیری افراد در جامعه، حمایت های مالی در بخش خصوصی و دولتی، آموزش و توجه به یافته های پژوهشی مرتبط و بهبود وضعیت روان شناختی فردی در سطح چهارم و بهبود وضعیت زندگی در سطح پنجم قرار دارند.Identifying and Leveling Factors Affecting Women's Leisure Time with Emphasis On Physical Activities
The present study aimed to identify and classify factors affecting women's free time with an emphasis on physical activity using an interpretive structural modeling approach. This study is applied research in terms of orientation and mixed in terms of research philosophy. The statistical population of this study included free-time experts, sports management experts, and experts in holding family and women's sports events. Theoretical sampling was used to identify the number of people and find the research direction. A theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 15 in-depth interviews. In the qualitative section of the study, an in-depth interview tool was used to collect data. In the quantitative section, a questionnaire was used. To analyze the data in the qualitative section, three overlapping processes of open, axial, and selective coding were used. To analyze the data in the quantitative section, the interpretive structural modeling method was used in the ISM software. The results of the qualitative section revealed that the factors affecting women's free time with an emphasis on physical activity include 115 open codes, 33 concepts, and 14 primary categories. The results of the structural-interpretive model in the quantitative section also revealed the understanding of the need for women's sports, effective equipment and facilities, the socialization status of women's free time, and the income and financial status of women at the first individual level. The factors of the second level family’s social status, creating organizations for women's free time, and increasing women's awareness of free time were in the second level. Increasing and promoting physical activities in the form of free time for women and increasing people's socialization were placed in the third level. Financial support in the private and public sectors, education and paying attention to related research findings, and improvement of individual mental state were in the fourth level, and improving living conditions were in the fifth level. Keywords: Leisure Time, Physical Activity, Women's Sports, Gender Equality, Interpretative, Structure 1. IntroductionPhysical activity and sports are one of the best most effective ways to spend free time among women and girls. It can lead to their physical and mental health. Also, the inclusion of sports in women's and girls' free time requires increasing the level of awareness of people in society, accurate and correct management and planning, and appropriate facilities and infrastructure. Thus, it is essential to conduct detailed and comprehensive studies in this area to identify the challenges and limitations that women and girls face in doing physical activities and sports in their free time and to provide appropriate solutions to solve them. A comprehensive model should be provided to officials to improve the quality of free time of women and girls of the families with an approach based on physical and sports activities. Given what was stated, it is crucial to know how women and girls spend their free time as it ensures their mental and physical health and is an effective means for creating their physical, intellectual, and ethical growth. It will prevent many social deviations. Thus, the present study aims to identify and classify the factors affecting women's free time with an emphasis on physical activities using an interpretive structural modeling approach. 2. Literature ReviewSeveral studies have approved the benefits of exercise and physical activities on physical and mental health and preventing chronic diseases caused by a sedentary life (Lopez Gabbard and Rodriguez, 2013). Studies have revealed that people who express high levels of extraversion are more likely to participate in physical activity. However, people who express high levels of neuroticism tend to be less physically active (Keklainen, 2022 & Gottold, 2018). The way of spending free time plays a major role in people's mobility and physical activity, so the change in lifestyle due to the change in technology and modern life has reduced physical activities and people have been exposed to complications caused by it. Results of the studies indicate that a reduction in physical and sports activities is greater in females than in males (Valdelina et al., 2010). In this regard, Fakhri et al. (1401) examined the structural model of the effect of sports-based free time on the social self-efficacy of students with the mediating role of spiritual intelligence. The results revealed that sports-based free time positively affects social self-efficacy with the mediating role of spiritual intelligence. The results revealed that by increasing free time along with sports and physical activity and improving the spiritual intelligence of students, their social self-efficacy also increases and vice versa. Pourzabih Sarhami et al. (2023) reported that gender discrimination should be minimized and women's sports and recreation per capita should be increased with correct policy-making. Special attention has been paid to issues such as improving women's movement literacy in society, modeling and improving public attitudes toward women's physical and sports activities, diversifying recreational and sports activities for women, providing tax and insurance discounts for sports activists, and other cases, which were mentioned in the study. Giles and Uncesio (2020) conducted a study on single women's free time during the coronavirus outbreak. In this critical study, the researchers analyzed the impacts of these practices on their free time in two single, professional, childless women living alone. The researchers argued that in the current pandemic, women who do not have caregiving responsibilities may face more resentment or humiliation due to being engaged in regular free time activities. Researchers indicated that rejection from social and caring networks can cause feelings of selfishness, shame, and fear when participating in free time. Gimmez et al. (2021) investigated the sports and free time activities of Muslim women and stated that sporting events can foster nationalism. An analysis of current political and public discourses on Muslim women's sports and free time showed that this group is facing many limitations. Political regulations and attitudes interfere not only with the recreational activities of Muslim women but also with their clothing and movements. It is recommended that theoretical perspectives such as the social justice perspective in sports and free time activities of Muslim women be presented and supported so they can have equal access to sports and physical activities in their free time. 3. MethodologyThe present study is applied research in terms of orientation, comparative in terms of approach, descriptive in terms of purpose, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) research in terms of research philosophy. Using the grounded theory method with Glazer's approach, the factors affecting women's free time were identified and classified with an emphasis on physical activities, and their mutual effects were investigated using interpretive structural modeling. The statistical population of this study in both sections included free-time experts, sports management experts, and experts in holding family and women's sports events. Theoretical sampling was used to identify the number of people. Theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 12 in-depth and unstructured interviews, but the interviews continued up to 15 people for more confidence. In the qualitative section of the study, the in-depth interview tool was used to collect data. In the quantitative section of the study, a questionnaire was used as a research tool. The indicators of this questionnaire are adapted from the data of the qualitative section of the study. Accordingly, the extracted codes were placed in the form of questions and designed as a questionnaire. It was also prepared in the form of a questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed by 10 sports management professors who were outside the sample of the qualitative group. Accordingly, based on the grounded theory, 115 open codes, 33 concepts, and 14 primary categories were identified and categorized. Then, to examine the relationship between the sub-categories of the questionnaire, a structured self-interaction matrix was developed. In this step, the respondents were asked to specify the type of pairwise connection of the factors based on the introduced codes (V, A, X, O). 4. ResultsFinally, using the final access matrix, the themes of factors affecting women's free time were classified with an emphasis on physical activities. Based on Figure 1, understanding of the need for women's sports(D), effective equipment and facilities (E), the socialization status of women's free time (K), and the income and financial status of women (M) were placed in the first level, individual factors (B) were placed in the second level. The family’s social status (A), creating organizations for women's free time (F), and increasing women's awareness of free time (J) were placed in the third level. Increasing and promoting physical activities in the form of free time for women (C) and increasing people's socialization (G), financial support in the private and public sectors (I), education and paying attention to related research findings (L), and improvement of individual mental state were placed in the fourth level, and the improvement of living conditions (H) was placed in the fifth level. 5. ConclusionBased on the results of this study and the population of women in Iran, and knowing their special characteristics and conditions in the Islamic country of Iran, it is necessary to have proper knowledge of the current status before any planning. Also, appropriate local and government measures should be taken to meet their needs and demands by identifying their real problems and needs. n The high-level planners of the country, who are mostly men, should have a better understanding and a more complete insight into the physical activity status of women and their demands. Hence, since public sports and increasing women's participation in them play a vital role in their health and society’s health, and it is useful for the individual and social economy in reducing treatment costs, it is recommended that health planners increase the participation of women in sports and physical activity in their free time. Also, considering all aspects, it is necessary to develop appropriate and comprehensive programs and applications that compensate for the existing deficiencies, provide the conditions for more participation of women in this area, and provide exercise for all people.
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