تحلیل وجود شناختی قاعدۀ «العلم بالعلة یستلزم العلم بالمعلول» با تأکید بر مبانی حکمت متعالیه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مطالعه تحلیلی قواعد فلسفی در پرتو مطالعه تاریخی آنها، هم زمینه فهم بهتر آنها را فراهم می آورد و هم میزان تأثّر آنها از مکاتب و آرای فلسفی را به خوبی آشکار می سازد. از جمله قواعد مهم و پرکاربرد در حکمت اسلامی قاعده «العلم بالعلّه یستلزم العلمَ بالمعلول» است. پیوند این قاعده با دو مسأله اصالت وجود و حقیقت علم و تحولات این دو در حکمت اسلامی، ضرورت بازخوانی این قاعده را آشکار می سازد. نوشتار پیش رو، نخست پیشینه این قاعده را از نظر گذرانده و به تبیین این مهم می پردازد که علم به علت در چه صورتی مستلزم علم به معلول است. آنگاه با توجه به سیر تاریخی آن به تبیین ادله اقامه شده بر آن پرداخته؛ و در پایان، به مهم ترین کاربردهای این قاعده اشاره می کند. علم حضوری به معلول در پرتو علم حضوری به علت، اقامه براهینی نو بر این قاعده بر اساس مبانی حکمت متعالیه و بیان تفاوت آن با قاعده «ذوات الأسباب لاتعرف إلا بأسبابها» از جمله مهم ترین دستاوردهای این مقاله است.Ontological Analysis of the Rule " Knowing the Cause Require Knowing the Effect " with an Emphasis on the Foundations of Transcendent Philosophy
Analytical study of philosophical rules along with their historical study provides the basis for a better understanding of them and also clarifies the effectiveness of philosophical opinions. One of the most important and useful rules in Islamic philosophy is the rule " knowing the cause require knowing the effect ". The connection of this rule with the two issues of the fundamentality of existence and the truth of science and the evolution of these two in Islamic Philosophy reveals the necessity of re-reading this rule. we first review the background of this rule and explain an important point; In what condition the knowledge of the cause leads to the knowledge of the effect. Then, according to its historical course, we will explain the arguments presented on it, and in the end, we will discuss the most important functions of this rule and some of its branches. The direct knowledge of the effect through the direct knowledge of the cause, establishing a new proof based on this rule based on the principles of transcendental wisdom and stating its difference with the rule of "Things that have a cause are not known except through the cause" are among the most important achievements of this article. Extended Abstract IntroductionAlthough the new schools in the muslim philosophical system have sometimes put forward completely different theories, but their confrontation with the previous schools has caused the impact and influence between different schools, so the systematic and historical study of philosophical issues is very important. Among the influences that can be seen among different schools are their new readings of philosophical rules. Because Islamic Philosophy talks about the general existing conditions, the output of its problems are always general rules that play a role in ontology and reasoning about realities as major premise of syllogism. One of the most important rules that has a long history in Islamic Philosophy is the rule "knowing the cause leads to knowing the effect". This rule has a two-way connection with the law of causality and the truth of science, therefore, the accuracy of the opinions that have been made by different philosophical schools in the reinterpretation of the truth of science and the truth of causality, reveals and clarifies the necessity of historical-analytical study of this rule.The following article intends to reread this rule based on the principles of transcendental wisdom through the historical-analytical study of the rule "Knowing the cause leads to the knowledge of the effect" and establish a new proof on this rule. MethodsThis article examines the issue with a historical study along with an analytical approach. ResultsThe following article has reached the following points with a historical-analytical approach:Examining the topic of argument in Aristotle's logic shows that he accepted the mentioned rule. After him, Farabi mentioned this rule and Ibn Sina discussed it in more detail.Knowing the effect through knowing the cause is certain only if the cause is known because it follows the effect.On the basis of transcendental wisdom and according to the two principles of principality of existence and development of being, a new argument can be established based on the rule of "knowing the cause...".Considering principality of existence and the truth of knowledge in the transcendental wisdom, it can be claimed that whatever the cause may be; effect is also known in the same way; If the knower finds the cause by direct knowledge, the effect will also be known by his direct knowledge; And if he perceives the cause through the active knowledge, he will also understand the effect through the active knowledge.The rule "what has a cause is known only through the cause" is similar to the rule "knowing the cause..." in some ways. However, careful observation shows that the rule of "knowing the cause..." is part of the principles and prerequisites of the rule of "what has a cause...". ConclusionThe historical study of the rule "knowing the cause leads to knowing the effect" shows that this rule had a special place in Greek wisdom and especially in Aristotelian logic. The introduction of this rule in islamic logic and wisdom and its study by muslim philosophers has led to its detailed analysis and the expansion of its application in logical and philosophical issues. However, philosophers like Sheikh Eshraq have not accepted this rule in some of their writings; And some philosophers like Allameh Hali have provided an incomplete explanation of it, but the vast majority of muslim philosophers have both accepted it and provided a correct and sometimes deep explanation of it. However, they all agree that knowledge of the effect does not require knowledge of the cause.
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