تحلیل سبک شناختی نثر فارسی در دوره رشد و تکوین برمبنای فرایند خروج سازه ها
آرشیو
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر با بررسی ماهیت اختیاری خروج سازه هایی چون بند موصولی و گروه حرف اضافه ای که در نقش توصیف کننده هسته اسمی ظاهر می شوند، به مطالعه این عوامل در دوره رشد و تکوین زبان فارسی و تأثیر آن بر زبان ادبی آثار این دوره پرداخته است. به این منظور، با نمونه گیری تصادفی نظام مند از ۱۲ اثر این دوره، بخش هایی به تعداد ۱۲۰,۰۰۰ واژه بررسی شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که بیش ترین سازه خروج یافته در دوره رشد و تکوین فارسی نو متعلق به بند موصولی است، بعد از آن گروه حرف اضافه ای قرار دارد. هم چنین با تقسیم این دوره از حیات زبان فارسی به دو زیربخش سبک شناختی نثر مُرسل و نثر فنی، مشاهده شد که تفاوت معناداری میان فراوانی و وزن دستوری سازه های خروج یافته در این دو دوره وجود دارد. فراوانی خروج سازه در دوره نثر مرسل بیشتر و در دوره نثر فنی به شکل معناداری کمتر است. براساس تحلیل های سبک شناختی در نثر مرسل که نثری ساده، نزدیک به زبان روایی با جملاتی کوتاه و پردازش آسان است، میزان خروج سازه که پردازش متن را تسهیل می کند، بالاتر بوده است. در مقابل، نثر فنی که پیچیده و دیریاب، با جملات بلند و درهم تنیده است، میزان خروج سازه های کمتری دارد. ازاین رو، همسویی معنادار فراوانی خروج سازه ها با مطالعات سبک شناسی پیشین، نشان دهنده آن است که معیار نحوی خروج سازه ها می تواند شاخصی باشد در کنار سایر معیارهای معمول، و در مطالعات سبک شناسی نثر فارسی به کار گرفته شود.The stylistic analysis of persian prose during the growth and development period based on the process of constituent extraposition
This study, considering the optional nature of the extraction of constituents such as relative clauses and prepositional phrases appearing as modifiers of nominal heads, investigates these factors during the growth and development period of the Persian language. To this end, a systematic random sampling of 12 texts from this period was conducted, and sections totaling 120,000 words were examined. The findings indicate that the relative clause is the most frequently extracted constituent during the growth and development period of New Persian, followed by the prepositional phrase. Additionally, by dividing this period into two stylistic subsections: plain prose (nathr-e morsal) and artistic prose (nathr-e fanni), it was shown that there is a significant difference in the frequency and grammatical weight of the extracted constituents between these two styles. The frequency of constituent extraction is higher in the plain prose period and significantly lower in the artistic prose period. Accordingly, in line with the stylistic analysis of plain prose, which is simple, similar to narrative language, with short sentences and easy processing, the rate of constituent extraction that facilitates text processing is higher. Conversely, in line with the characteristics of technical prose, which is complex, obscure, and consists of long and convoluted sentences, the rate of constituent extraction is reported to be lower. Thus, it seems that the significant alignment of constituent extraction frequency with previous stylistic studies indicates that the syntactic criterion of constituent extraction can be used alongside other common indicators in the stylistic analysis of Persian prose. IntroductionThe Persian language, as a significant branch of the Indo-European language family, has undergone substantial transformations throughout its historical development. These changes, manifested across three major periods - Old Persian, Middle Persian, and New Persian - have shaped its current linguistic structure. The New Persian period, spanning from the 4th to the 14th century AH (10th to 20th century CE), provides an invaluable repository of written works in both prose and poetry. The study of linguistic evolution during this period not only contributes to the preservation of this rich heritage but also facilitates a deeper understanding of Persian's structural development. Research MethodologyThis study focuses on the growth and development period of New Persian (3rd to 7th century AH), examining the optional nature of the extraposition, particularly of relative clauses and prepositional phrases. The research corpus consists of 12 texts from this period, with 10,000 words analyzed from each text, totally 120.000 words. The methodology employed systematic random sampling, selecting three works from three different authors with narrative prose from each century. Statistical analysis was conducted by using SPSS software and employing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results and AnalysisThe analysis of syntactic constituents in Classical Persian texts uncovers critical insights into the distribution and nature of extraposed constituents. From a corpus of 1,057 constituents, extraposed relative clauses dominate, making up 833 cases (79%), while extraposed prepositional phrases include only 220 cases (21%). This preference for relative clause extraposition highlights a characteristic of Classical Persian syntax. A significant contrast is shown between the plain prose (nathr-e morsal) and artistic prose (nathr-e fanni) periods; with the plain prose period yielding 693 extracted constituents versus 364 in the technical period, which indicates a 48% decrease. This reduction marks a shift in syntactic complexity and stylistic approaches. Further analysis of grammatical weight reveals an evolution in Persian prose. The average grammatical weight of extraposed relative clauses increased from 5.95 in the plain prose period to 6.82 in the technical period. This suggests that as Persian prose has moved towards artistic styles by adopting more complex syntactic structures. Statistical Mann-Whitne U test (p < 0.001) confirm these differences as systematic changes in prose style. The inverse relationship between the frequency of extraposition and grammatical weight illustrates a deliberate shift towards complexity in the technical period. This aligns with the evolution of Persian literary prose, marked by sophisticated syntax for rhetorical effect. The findings indicate a cultural and linguistic shift in Persian literature, where technical writers preferred complex structures to achieve aesthetic and rhetorical goals. Discussion and Theoretical FrameworkThe study of constituent extraposition patterns in Classical Persian reveals significant insights into historical syntax and stylistic evolution. During the technical prose period, a decline in constituent extraposition coincided with increased sentence complexity and length, highlighting the interplay between syntactic structure and literary style. This is particularly evident in technical prose, where complex syntax was used to showcase linguistic sophistication and aesthetic beauty. The research also offers theoretical insights into syntactic change in Classical Persian, showing a bidirectional relationship between syntactic complexity and stylistic evolution. Constituent extraposition played a crucial role in historical syntax, balancing grammatical and stylistic functions. Writers skillfully managed structural complexity and communicative clarity, a balance that became more nuanced as Persian prose styles evolved from plain to technical forms. Methodologically, the present study positions constituent extraposition as a metric for stylistic analysis which in turn provides a quantitative framework for examining historical syntax. By integrating grammatical weight analysis, it offers a new perspective for the study of syntactic changes, allowing for comparisons across historical periods. This approach combines traditional linguistic analysis with quantitative methods, offering a tool for analyzing Classical Persian texts. The findings suggest that development of the Persian prose style was complex, involving multiple linguistic levels. Technical prose writers manipulated syntax to achieve stylistic goals which reflect broader cultural and intellectual shifts in Persian society. This transformation linked literary complexity with scholarly achievement, illustrating how syntax and style changes can mirror and influence societal trends. ConclusionThis research considers constituent extraposition as a significant metric in Persian prose stylistic analysis, which reveal distinctions between plain and technical prose periods. The study’s findings demonstrate that syntactic changes, particularly in extraction frequency and grammatical weight, parallel the broader stylistic evolution of Classical Persian literature. By introducing constituent extraposition as a quantifiable measure and examining its relationship with grammatical weight across different periods, this research provides new methodological tools for analyzing historical Persian texts. The transformation from plain to technical prose style emerges as a comprehensive process encompassing not only lexical and semantic shifts but also fundamental syntactic changes. These structural modifications, characterized by decreased constituent extraction and increased complexity, reflect the development of Persian toward greater literary sophistication and stylistic refinement.
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