جمله معترضه در متون فارسی معاصر
آرشیو
چکیده
جمله در زبان فارسی از نظر معنا و مفهوم و نیز از نظر ساختار اقسامی دارد. از گذشته تاکنون نوعی از جمله ها را جمله معترضه نامیده اند. جمله معترضه کارکردهای گوناگون و ساخت های متفاوتی دارد. در این پژوهش با هدف یافتن انواع جمله معترضه در زبان فارسی معاصر، متون متنوع و متفاوتی انتخاب و مطالعه شد؛ سپس جمله های معترضه از این متون استخراج و ازنظر کارکرد دسته بندی گردید. یافته های پژوهش نشان داد که اهداف کاربردی این نوع جمله ها، محدود به دعا، نفرین، بدل و توضیح بیشتر نیست و انواع گسترده تر و متنوع تر، و اهداف بیشتری را شامل می شود. با توجه به جامعه آماری این پژوهش، با احتساب نقش های بلاغی اصلی و زیرمجموعه های آن ها، جمله معترضه با 49 هدف و کارکرد در زبان فارسی امروز شناسایی شد. همچنین، بررسی ها نشان داد که اهمیت جمله های معترضه نسبت به متنی که در آن قرار گرفته اند یا نسبت به نوع کاربرد آن ها متفاوت است و در برخی متون مثل متون نمایشی، قابل حذف نیستند. به طور کلی حذف جمله های معترضه از متن، میزان آگاهی و درک مخاطب از جزئیات را کاهش می دهد و در مواردی حتی درک کامل عبارت را با مشکل مواجه می کند.The Parenthetical Sentence in Contemporary Persian Texts
In Persian, sentences are categorized based on their meaning, structure, and function. One such type, known as the parenthetical sentence, has been recognized since ancient times. Parenthetical sentences have various functions and structures. This study aims to identify different types of parenthetical sentences in contemporary Persian texts. Diverse texts were selected and analyzed, and the parenthetical sentences were extracted and categorized based on their functions. The findings revealed that the functional purposes of these sentences extend beyond prayers, curses, appositions, and further explanations to include a broader and more diverse range of functions and objectives. Considering the statistical population of this study, with the inclusion of primary rhetorical roles and their subcategories, 49 purposes and functions for parenthetical sentences were identified in contemporary Persian. Additionally, the study showed that the importance of parenthetical sentences varies depending on the text in which they appear and their type of application. In certain texts, such as dramatic texts, they cannot be omitted. Overall, omitting parenthetical sentences from a text reduces the reader's awareness and understanding of details and may even hinder complete comprehension of the statement.
Introduction
A sentence is the most complete unit of message transmission in language, especially in writing. Sentences can be classified based on meaning and structure. In terms of meaning and content, sentences are divided into declarative, interrogative, imperative, subjunctive, and exclamatory. Structurally, sentences are categorized into simple (a sentence whose meaning is complete with a single verb) and compound (a sentence with more than one verb). Other classifications, such as sentences with and without verbs, also exist. One type of sentence is known as the parenthetical sentence. This type is neither distinct or independent from other sentence classifications in terms of content and meaning, nor in terms of structure; rather, it is one of the simple or compound sentences that is inserted within other sentences for specific rhetorical and functional purposes. This type of sentence has been present in Persian language since ancient times. Previously, it was more prominent in poetry, whereas today, it is more frequently used in prose.
In this study, we aim to demonstrate that the parenthetical sentence holds significant importance in conveying meaning and that its applications have numerous functions and purposes today. This article attempts to answer the following questions: 1) How is the parenthetical sentence used in contemporary Persian? 2) What are the functions of this type of sentence? 3) How does the importance of these sentences vary concerning their type or presence in specific texts?
Research Method
This study employs a descriptive-analytical method and utilizes library resources. Consequently, for the various types of parenthetical sentences in contemporary Persian, different texts such as scientific books, short and long stories, novels, screenplays, memoirs, and the like were selected and studied. Subsequently, the parenthetical sentences from these texts were extracted and categorized according to their function and purpose, as detailed in the following sections.
Discussion and Findings
The parenthetical sentence in Persian is examined from three perspectives: a) in rhetorical books under redundancy; b) under the topic of pleonasm in rhetorics; and c) in grammar books as a type of sentence. The parenthetical sentence serves diverse functions and purposes in both writing and speech, though there are no clear boundaries between them. According to the findings of this research, the parenthetical sentence serves the following functions and purposes: increasing awareness and information, description, prayer, curse, expression of affection, stating the cause, doubt and speculation, stating proverbs or similes, expressing opposition and contrast, praise, criticism, brevity, gratitude, polite request (accompanied by an apology), shyness from saying something, creating hope, expressing surprise and astonishment, interpretation, presence of the narrator, addressing the audience, sarcasm or ridicule, expressing probability, exclusivity, self-exoneration and clearing misunderstandings, referring to the preceding text, providing examples and illustrations, questioning, and non-author commentary on the text
Conclusion
In this study, based on selected texts from authors with diverse viewpoints, expressions, and styles, 49 functions for the parenthetical sentence were identified. According to the research findings, parenthetical sentences are used for various purposes and their importance varies depending on their application or the text in which they are placed. For instance, a parenthetical sentence used in a dramatic text is more significant than one used in a narrative text, as it may convey specific states, spatial situations, or details related to body language that are crucial and cannot be omitted in dramatic texts. The importance of different types of parenthetical sentences varies from one type to another. Therefore, the omission of parenthetical sentences generally reduces the audience's awareness of details and can sometimes even hinder complete comprehension of the phrase. Parenthetical sentences are not merely used for further explanation or for purposes like prayer or cursing; they are not pleonasms, and their presence in the text is effective. Although the main sentence might be complete without the parenthetical sentence, the inclusion of these sentences provides the reader or listener with additional details, which are sometimes essential in certain texts. Parenthetical sentences are not limited to poetry; they have syntactic roles, are part of compound sentences, and appear in forms such as quasi-sentences, sentences, and conjunctive sentences. Occasionally, they resemble appositives, explicative conjunctions, and adverbials.
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