نشان داری معنایی (انضمامی) در عکس با نگاهی به عکس های روایی دوئین مایکلز (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
بررسی نسبتِ نشانه های زبانی و تصویری یکی از موضوعات مهم دانشِ نشانه شناسی در بیش از نیم قرن گذشته بوده است. تا جایی که برخی نشانه شناسانِ ساخت گرا را بر آن داشته تا با الگو قرار دادن نظامِ نمادینِ زبان و نقش های ارتباطی آن، به مطالعه متونی چون عکس بپردازند؛ رویکردی که به دلیل اهمیتِ مسئله بازنمایی بصری در فرهنگ معاصر به کانون پژوهش های نشانه شناختی راه یافته است. یکی از مفاهیمی که در موازنه نشانه شناختیِ زبان و تصویر تاکنون بدان پرداخته نشده، «نشان داری معنایی» است که به عنوان روشی معنی شناختی اجازه می دهد مؤلفه های معنایی یک عکس را، در «ارجاع» به واقعیت یا «انحراف» از آن به بررسی بنشینیم. جستار حاضر با فرضِ همانندیِ «نشان داری معنایی» و «دلالت ضمنی» در پژوهش های بلاغی عکس و ذکر شواهدی بر آن ، ضمن بازخوانی نشان داری معنایی در مطالعات زبان شناختیِ ادبیات، برای نخستین بار از این نظریه در مطالعه عکس های روایی دوئین مایکلز بهره برده است. طبق نتایج حاصله از این پژوهش، که به روش تحلیلی-تطبیقی و با استفاده از داده های کتابخانه ای انجام گرفته است، عکس های مایکلز، در عین استفاده از تمهیداتِ «عکاسی مستقیم»، با بهره گیری از برخی مؤلفه های معنایی و به نوعی فاصله انداختن میان مدلول و مصداقِ عکس، هم در محور جانشینی و هم در محور هم نشینی واقعیت «بی نشان» را نشان دار و دلالت های ضمنی جدید ایجاد می کنند.Semantic Markedness in the photograph By a look at Duane Michaels sequences
Despite the belief of the orthodox schools of semiotics, which emphasize the fundamental difference between visual (iconic) and linguistic (symbolic) signs and do not consider visual pictures as channels for conveying implicit and linguistic meanings due to imitation or objective similarity with reality, investigating the ratio of linguistic and pictorial signs has been one of the important topics of semiotics studies for more than half a century. Some structuralist semioticians, such as Roman Jacobsen, Roland Barthes, Yuri Lutman and Umberto Eco have taken advantage of modeling the symbolic system of language and its communicative roles to study systems, texts, media and non-verbal signs such as photographs, due to the increasing importance of the issue of visual representation in contemporary culture, especially the abundant use of photographs in the web space and virtual social networks. This issue has been interpreted in the context of a great transformation, which William J.T. Mitchell refers to as "the pictorial turn". One of the concepts that have not been addressed in the semiotic equilibrium of language and picture is "semantic markedness" which allows us to examine the semantic components of a photograph, in "referring" to reality or "deviation" from it. The present essay, assuming the similarity of "semantic markedness" and "connotation" in photographic rhetorical researches and bringing evidence of this similarity, while rereading the theory of markedness in linguistic studies of literature, has used this theory for the first time in the study of Duane Michaels's narrative photographs. According to the results of this research, which was carried out by an analytical-comparative method, on the one hand, Michaels' photographs are based on "straight photography" devices, such as conventional perspective, wide depth of field, substitution of grays equivalent to the degree of familiar colors that we know from objects in nature, imitation natural vision by adopting eye-level point of view, and relatively classic compositions, which are used to pretend to be real and on the other hand, they escape from reality by adding some arrays, such as multiple exposures, slow shutter speed to induce movement, and creating blurred and ghost-like figures. He In the meantime, by adding some semantic components and by creating a distance between the signified and the referent, both in the axis of paradigmatic and in the axis of syntagmatic, makes the "unmarked" reality marked, and creates new connotations. Where the objectivity of the photographs does not reflect the similarity of the signified and the referent, Michaels resorts to a special type of markedness, i.e., "subjunctive markedness", which is imposed on the photographs from a cognitive system. This cognitive system and implicit meanings in Michaels' photographs originates from poetry, stories, legends, myths, Eastern mysticism, and of course religious and psychological beliefs, and allows his selections not to be based solely on formal and semantic similarities with reality.
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