تصحیح بیتی از شاهنامه فردوسی بر پایه مَثَلِ «حسد دردی است بی درمان» (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
از حدود دویست سال پیش تا به اکنون ویرایش هایی گونه گون از شاهنامه فردوسی به فرجام رسیده است؛ همه این کوشش ها تا حدی توانسته این اثر سترگ را به آن چه از قلم فردوسی بر کاغذ نگاشته شده است نزدیک کند. البته چنان که همگان بر آنند، همچنان در این اثر گران مایه بیت های الحاقی و گشتگی های فراوان و اشکالات متعدد دیگر پابرجاست. فقدان دستنویس های کهن، لزوم توجه به سایر روش ها را در تصحیح شاهنامه گوشزد می کند؛ یکی از این روش ها تصحیح شاهنامه با خود شاهنامه است که این ملاک با در نظر داشتن مواردی همچون نقش امثال و کنایات و تعبیرات و نظائر آن، می تواند گشتگی های بسیاری را اصلاح نماید. در این نوشتار مصراعِ دوم بیتِ «خرد چون شود کهتر کام و رشک/ چنان دان که دیوانه خواند پزشک» بر پایه مَثَل «حسد[رشک] دردی است بی درمان» و بازیافتن همین مَثَل در سایر بیت های شاهنامه و متون ادب فارسی، به صورت «چنان دان که دارو نه داند پزشک» تصحیح و بررسی شده است.Correction of a couplet from Ferdowsi's Shahnameh Based on an Ancient Proverb
Various editions of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh have been attempted over the past two hundred years to bring the epic closer to what Ferdowsi originally penned. Despite these efforts, the valuable verses, numerous appended couplets, and various other flaws persist in this epic masterpiece. The absence of ancient manuscripts emphasizes the need to consider alternative methods in correcting Shahnameh. One such approach is self-correction, considering elements such as similes, metaphors, interpretations, and their equivalents. This method can rectify many discrepancies. In this article, the second hemistich of the couplet “kherad chon shaved kehtar-e kam o rashk /Chonan dan ke divane khanad pezeshk (When wisdom becomes less than desire and envy, know it like a physician who considers someone insane)” is corrected and analyzed based on the proverb “Hasad [rashk] dardist bi-darman (Envy is an incurable pain)” and the recurrence of this proverb in other verses of Shahnameh and Persian literary texts, presented as “Chonan dan ke daroo na-danad pezeshk (Know that, like a physician who does not know the remedy)”. Keywords: Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, proverb, correction, envy, remedy. Introduction Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is a treasury of profound words and wisdom, with many of its verses taking the form of proverbs. Evidence of this can be found in various books such as "Amthal va Hekam" by Dehkhoda. Furthermore, Ferdowsi employed numerous ancient and time-honored proverbs in different ways within Shahnameh, ensuring that this splendid treasury rescued many forgotten and neglected ancient proverbs. These proverbs later became the foundation for valuable artistic themes in the history of Persian literature. In this article, a verse from Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is corrected and explained based on the proverb “Hasad dardist bi-darman (Envy is an incurable pain)” and the discovery of this proverb in other verses of Shahnameh and Persian literary texts. Materials and Methods From this existing treasury of proverbs in texts, it is possible to correct possible discrepancies and corruptions in some verses with a solid and reasoned basis through analogy. At times, these proverbs have been overlooked by editors and commentators of Shahnameh, and if corruptions have occurred in these verses, editors have often been ineffective in utilizing the existing proverb as a basis for correcting the verse. It is important to note that one method of correcting Shahnameh verses is to use parallel verses within Shahnameh itself. Often, themes, combinations, and similar proverbs and metaphors are repeated in different verses, allowing potential discrepancies in these verses to be reconciled through comparison and analysis. Discussion In the story of the great war between Kay Khosrow and Afrasiab, after Garsivaz is captured and imprisoned in the Ghang Castle, Ferdowsi, in the course of narrating this story, imparts his ethical advice and guidance to the reader in the following manner: “kherad chon shaved kehtar-e kam o rashk/ Chonan dan ke divane khanad pezeshk” (When wisdom becomes less than desire and envy, know it like a physician who considers someone insane) (Ferdowsi, 1386: Vol. 4, p. 286) According to the writer, there is serious doubt in the logical sense of the second hemistich because this theme is not repeated elsewhere in Shahnameh. "The physician will consider insane someone who becomes less than desire and enviable!" Why should a physician consider or label such a person as insane? It should be noted that in ancient times, even remedies were prescribed for the insane. Also, “kehtar-e kam o rashk (becomes less than desire and envy)” does not equate to madness. In this context, two suggestions for correcting the mentioned couplet are presented, and reasons for choosing one of these suggestions are subsequently provided. “kherad chon shaved kehtar-e kam o rashk/ Chonan dan ke daroo na-danad pezeshk” (When wisdom becomes less than desire and envy, know that, like a phys
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