شناسایی و اولویت بندی جاذبه های گردشگری خلاق در زندگی عشایر از منظر میهمان - میزبان (مطالعه موردی: ایل بختیاری استان خوزستان) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی و اولویت بندی جاذبه های گردشگری خلاق در زندگی عشایر از منظر میهمان میزبان انجام شده است. روش توصیفی تحلیلی و جامعه آماری راهنمایان تور و فعالان حوزه گردشگری عشایر است. داده های مطالعه براساس الگوی ماتریس های تصمیم (شامل گزینه ها و شاخص ها)، براساس قضاوت های ذهنی نمونه ای پانزده نفره از جامعه آماری (با روش گلوله برفی) جمع آوری شد. داده های حاصل از ترکیب نظر اعضای نمونه با تکنیک آنتروپی شانون برای ارزیابی شاخص ها و تاپسیس برای اولویت بندی جاذبه ها از منظر میزبان و میهمان تحلیل شد. یافته ها نشان می دهد که از منظر میزبان، شاخص های تقاضا با وزن 0/280، جذب گردشگر با وزن 0/224، کمک به اقتصاد محلی با وزن 0/203، تنوع با وزن 0/194 و مشارکت گردشگر با وزن 0/990 در رتبه بندی جاذبه های گردشگری تأثیرگذارند و از منظر میهمان، شاخص های تأثیر در تجربه گردشگر با وزن 0/434، منحصربه فردبودن با وزن 0/192، ارتباط با تاریخ و فرهنگ با وزن 0/138، تنوع با وزن 0/136 و فرصتی برای بهبود فرهنگ با وزن 0/101 به ترتیب در رتبه بندی جاذبه های گردشگری تأثیرگذارند. همچنین نتایج بیانگر این است که از منظر میزبان صنایع دستی، غذا و آشپزی، موسیقی، آداب ورسوم، معماری کوچ و ادبیات و از منظر میهمان صنایع دستی، موسیقی، غذا و آشپزی، معماری کوچ، آداب ورسوم و ادبیات به ترتیب مهم ترین جاذبه های گردشگری خلاق در زندگی عشایرند. این نتایج با نزدیک ترکردن دیدگاه های دو سوی عرضه و تقاضا، مبنایی مؤثر برای تدوین راهبرهای توسعه گردشگری خلاق در زندگی عشایر فراهم می کند.Identifying and Prioritizing Creative Tourism Attractions in the Life of the Nomads from the Guest-Host Perspective (Case study: Bakhtiari Tribe, Khuzestan Province)
This study aims to identify and prioritize creative tourism attractions in nomadic life from a host-guest perspective. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the statistical population includes tour guides and nomadic tourism activists. The study data was collected based on the decision matrix pattern, which includes options and indicators, based on the subjective judgments of a 15-person sample of the statistical population selected by the snowball method. The data obtained from the combination of the opinions of the sample members were analyzed using the Shannon entropy technique for evaluating the indicators and TOPSIS for prioritizing the attractions from the host and guest perspectives. The findings show that from the host's perspective, the demand indicators, Attracting tourists, contribution to the local economy, diversity, and tourist participation impact the ranking of tourist attractions, respectively. From the guest's perspective, the indicators of influence on the tourist experience, uniqueness, connection with history and culture, diversity, and opportunity for cultural improvement are, respectively, influential in the ranking of tourist attractions. The results also indicate that from the host's perspective, handicrafts, food and cuisine, music, customs, Migration architecture, and literature are the most important creative tourism attractions in nomadic life, respectively. From the guest's perspective, handicrafts, music, food and cuisine, Migration architecture, customs, and literature are the most important creative tourism attractions in nomadic life, respectively. These results can bring the views of the supply and demand sides closer together and provide an effective basis for formulating creative tourism development strategies in nomadic.Keywords: Nomadic Life, Bakhtiari Tribe, Creative Tourism, TOPSIS, Multi-Criteria Decision Making 1. IntroductionNomadic life in Iran represents a precious heritage of culture and authentic human existence on Earth. As part of Iran's ancient civilization, nomadic regions, with their centuries-old traditions, offer a unique travel experience for culture enthusiasts. Tourists from around the world flock to these areas to immerse themselves in the daily activities of these people, participating in tasks like milking, yogurt and butter making, oil extraction, weaving, carpet weaving, and other handicrafts. Sleeping in nomadic tents amidst Iran's pristine nature is an unforgettable experience (Ashayari & Colleagues, 2019).Therefore, there is a growing need to shift development perspectives in nomadic regions toward utilizing their cultural and traditional strengths to overcome economic challenges. Creative tourism emerges as a promising approach, as it can enhance the well-being, prosperity, and living standards of nomads while preserving their authenticity and culture. This form of tourism actively engages tourists in local customs, arts, and lifestyles, moving them away from passive observation (Bastenegar, 2019). This study aims to identify and explore creative tourism attractions within the Bakhtiari nomadic tribe in Iran. By prioritizing these attractions from both guest and host perspectives, the study aims to provide a more accurate understanding of the potential value of nomadic tourism destinations for researchers, entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders in this field, adopting a creative tourism approach. Given the lack of prior research on creative tourism in the context of nomadic communities, this study can be considered one of the pioneering efforts to identify and prioritize creative tourism attractions within nomadic life. This focus on creative nomadic tourism can elevate the level of tourism development strategies and enhance regional and cultural tourism. The innovative use of Shannon entropy and TOPSIS data analysis techniques as tools for evaluating and prioritizing tourist attractions adds to the study's novelty and contributes to the advancement of research methodologies in the field of tourism. Moreover, by considering both guest and host perspectives, the study provides valuable insights into the prioritization of creative tourism attractions from both supply and demand sides, fostering better interactions and synergies between guests and hosts, ultimately enhancing the overall tourism experience 2. Literature ReviewIn recent decades, tourism has evolved from its traditional focus on visiting historical sites and monuments towards more creative patterns. Some researchers trace the origins of the term "creative tourism" to the EUROTEX project, conducted between 1996 and 1999 in Finland, Greece, and Portugal. This project highlighted the growing interest in local culture and everyday life, as well as the desire for active participation in learning creative experiences (Jarábková & Hamada, 2012). However, the term "creative tourism" was first formally introduced by Richards and Raymond in 2000. Creative tourism is defined as a journey motivated by the desire to engage in an authentic and active experience, where the tourist actively participates in learning about the art, cultural heritage, or unique characteristics of a place, fostering a strong and meaningful connection with the local inhabitants, the creators of this living culture (Bastenegar & Hassani, 2018).The Bakhtiari tribe, one of Iran's most populous nomadic communities, is a treasure trove of cultural and historical attractions in the country's southwest. Recognized as one of the oldest Iranian ethnic groups, the Bakhtiaris possess a unique social structure and power dynamics. This diverse tribe encompasses a significant nomadic population, adhering to a distinctive traditional and local diet shaped by their migratory lifestyle and economic activities. The primary and traditional dwelling of the nomads is the black tent, locally known as "Behun," typically woven from goat hair (Danani Nia & Eilbeigipour, 2016).Nomadic migration involves the movement of the tribe based on a predetermined schedule between two distinct environments with different natural characteristics. Environmental factors, such as temperature fluctuations, precipitation patterns and timing, and changes in vegetation, play a crucial role in determining the migration schedule. Nomadic migration is primarily classified into two types: horizontal and vertical. The nomadic lifestyle, representing the most basic form of human life, has profoundly influenced the architectural style of nomadic dwellings, aligning them with their needs and way of life (Danani Nia & Eilbeigipour, 2016). The handicrafts of the nomads stem from the primary needs of these migratory people to adapt to their geographical environment and the traditional technology prevalent in nomadic regions. Nomadic handicrafts serve two primary purposes: internal consumption within the tribe and clan, where nomads produce items to meet their needs in clothing, housing, storage, and agricultural tools. The other purpose, involving higher quality production, is for sale and income generation. Carpet weaving, chabuk weaving, felt making, hat weaving, gijeh weaving, kilim weaving, black tent weaving, jajim, khorjin, gabeh, verni, and the manufacture of various local musical instruments, including the dozaleh, sorna, shmshāl, ney, tabl, tombak, and dehl, are among the most important handicrafts of the nomads. Spinning is another significant activity among the nomads. The produced wool and hair are transformed, through a series of processes, into yarn and ultimately into various handmade products, such as woolen socks and shawls (Yāsūrī, 2011).The music of the Bakhtiari tribe reflects the culture and identity of this region and is an inseparable part of Bakhtiari life, performed during various ceremonies and rituals (Kohzād, 2012). This music, considering elements such as geographical conditions, climate, culture and customs, religion, and faith, paints a vivid picture of tribal life. Bakhtiari music incorporates pieces from various musical instruments, including the karnā, sornā, dehl, shepherd's ney, and do-sorna. Dance in the Bakhtiari tribe emerges as an emotional and expressive response to music. These dances showcase the solidarity, unity, and love among the tribe members. The song lyrics in Bakhtiari music encompass a wide range of themes, from bravery to the daily lives of the nomads (Kohzād, 2012). Traditional Iranian cuisine, derived from locally available ingredients, plants, and products, exhibits diverse variations among different ethnic groups and climates, reflecting their unique characteristics. The preparation and consumption customs of these dishes have been passed down through generations, from one person to another (Soltānpor, 2019). The food consumed by the majority of the tribe members is primarily derived from the raw materials they produce themselves, the result of the agricultural and livestock efforts of the families within the nomadic communities. The consumption of meat-based dishes is less frequent compared to other foods and is typically prepared for special occasions such as hospitality, mourning, and weddings (Digar, 2008).From birth to death, the Bakhtiari people adhere to their customs without hesitation. The specific cultural and historical norms of the Bakhtiari tribe play a significant role in fostering solidarity and strengthening family and social ties. Since the Bakhtiaris are not under the control of the central government and resist foreign culture, their customs, including religious practices, traditional rituals, and celebrations, serve as a testament to their cultural and social independence (Ashayari & Colleagues, 2019). The Bakhtiari people are recognized by language and literature scholars as possessing a remarkable and extensive repertoire of folk language and literature (Shahbazī, 2018). Bakhtiari poetry draws all its themes and imagery from its surroundings, reflecting the intrinsic nature of the tribe and its deep connection to the natural world. Bakhtiari folk poetry, from a genre perspective, stands as one of the most diverse and prevalent forms of folk poetry in Iran, offering immense potential for creative literary tourism. Literary tourism involves tourists seeking to understand various aspects of the literary or artistic life of the destination community (Danani Nia & Eilbeigipour, 2016) 3. MethodologyBy reviewing and studying the literature, creative tourism attractions in the life of nomads and their evaluation indicators were extracted. The study's data was collected based on the model of decision matrices (including options and indicators), based on the subjective judgments of a sample of 15 people from the statistical population (with the snowball method). The data obtained by combining the opinions of the sample members were analyzed with Shannon's entropy technique to evaluate the indicators and TOPSIS to prioritize the attractions from the perspective of the host and the guest. TOPSIS is a powerful and technical multi-criteria decision-making method for prioritization by similarity to the ideal answer. In these matrices, creative tourism attractions include handicrafts, music, food and cuisine, nomadic migration, literature, and customs, and the criteria from the guest's point of view are: diversity, uniqueness, opportunity to improve culture, connection with history and Culture, influence on the tourist experience and from the host's point of view are: demand, tourist participation, diversity, Attracting tourists and contribution to the local economy. The scale used in the questionnaire to determine preferences is the 9-point Saati scale. 4. ResultsResults indicate that from the host perspective, demand indicators with a weight of 0.280, Attracting tourists with a weight of 0.224, contribution to the local economy with a weight of 0.203, diversity with a weight of 0.194, and tourist participation with a weight of 0.099 are influential in ranking tourist attractions. From the guest perspective, the indicators of influence on the tourist experience with a weight of 0.434, uniqueness with a weight of 0.192, connection with history and culture with a weight of 0.138, diversity with a weight of 0.136, and cultural improvement opportunity with a weight of 0.101 are respectively influential in ranking tourist attractions. Additionally, the results suggest that from the host perspective, handicrafts, food and cuisine, music, customs and traditions, migration architecture, and literature, and the guest perspective, handicrafts, music, food and cuisine, migration architecture, customs and traditions, and literature are the most important creative tourist attractions in nomadic life. As observed, both guest tourists and local host communities agree that nomadic handicrafts are their top priority. Additionally, both groups have placed nomadic literature as their lowest priority.5. ConclusionThe high priority of handicrafts in the selection of both groups (guests and hosts) is noteworthy. From the guests' perspective, handicrafts provide unique handmade products to tourists, offering them a distinctive experience. On the other hand, hosts are aware of the importance of developing handicrafts in their local economy, which can be seen as an opportunity for employment generation and the promotion of local arts. The secondary importance of music in creative tourist attractions, as perceived by tourists, indicates that Bakhtiari traditional music reflects the culture and identity of this pristine and beautiful region and can attract tourists, contributing to the prosperity and diversity of the region's tourist attractions. Choosing food and cuisine as the second priority for hosts can result in a significant impact on the local economy. Local cuisine is always a complementary experience for tourists, and the local community is aware of this. Nomadic cuisine not only allows tourists to taste various flavors and become familiar with different culinary properties but also presents a significant opportunity for hosts' development through cooking.The low literature ranking in both groups may indicate a lack of attention to the importance of literature in attracting tourists, which requires further research. Perhaps tourists prefer to focus on other aspects of nomadic life to experience local culture, which is not directly related to literature and poetry. On the other hand, it seems that hosts prefer to focus more on economic aspects rather than cultural ones. The results of this study can play an effective role in enhancing knowledge and attitudes towards the creative tourist attractions of nomadic tribes and contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between guests and hosts in nomadic life. The findings can serve as an effective guide for developing creative tourism in nomadic life.
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