جهانی شدن فضای مجازی و ملی گرایی دیجیتال در بین افغانستانی های مقیم شهر شیراز (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطه بین فضای مجازی و ملی گرایی دیجیتال، در بین افغانستانی های ساکن شهر شیراز انجام شده است. برای این هدف، روش پژوهش، پیمایش کمی و نمونه ای 320 نفری از زنان 18 تا 64 سال افغانستانی ساکن مناطق مختلف شهر شیراز انتخاب شد. شیوه نمونه گیری، تصادفی چندمرحله ای خوشه ای بود. برای رسیدن به این حجم نمونه به واسطه خصوصیات جامعه هدف و اینکه ممکن بود بخشی از پرسش نامه ها ناقص برگردد و یا از بین برود، تعداد نمونه به 500 نفر افزایش یافت. برای گردآوری داده ها، از پرسش نامه محقق ساخته استفاده شد. یافته های تحقیق در سطح آزمون های دو متغیره نشان داد بین زنان و مردان و افراد مجرد و متأهل بر حسب ملی گرایی دیجیتال، تفاوت معنی داری وجود دارد. همچنین میزان دسترسی به فناوری های نوین و استفاده از آنها، رابطه معنی دار مثبتی در سطح بیش از 99درصد اطمینان با متغیر وابسته داشته است. از سوی دیگر ارزیابی مدل تحقیق با استفاده از رگرسیون چندمتغیره، نشان داد که به ترتیب شش متغیر تماس تلفنی با دیگر افغانستانی ها، سال های مهاجرت به ایران، میزان دسترسی به اینترنت و تلفن همراه، میزان استفاده از پلتفرم های مختلف، وضعیت شغلی (شاغل روزمزد) و درنهایت حضور خانواده پدری در ایران، روی هم 30درصد تغییرات متغیر وابسته را تبیین می کنند.Globalization of Virtual Space and Digital Nationalism among Afghans Living in Shiraz
Introduction International migration is a growing phenomenon with diverse causes and motivations. Amidst globalization and new information/communication technologies, a rise in nationalism has been observed. The emergence and expansion of the internet and virtual platforms have given a new dimension to nationalism studies, introducing the concept of "digital nationalism". One issue facing modern immigrant-receiving societies is that even as immigrants settle in a new country, they may be still strongly identified with their homelands, hampering their socialization in the host society. A key factor in this is the presence of new technologies that allow immigrants to maintain strong links to their countries of origin. One such group is Afghan immigrants in Iran. Afghans have migrated to Iran in large numbers in recent decades, often for political reasons. This influx has posed challenges for the host Iranian society, with identity issues hindering the integration of Afghans. This study aimed to examine the phenomenon of digital nationalism among Afghan immigrants in Shiraz, Iran - a context not extensively covered in prior research on the digital-nationalism nexus, which has tended to focus on national borders or the actions of governments and political parties. Materials & Methods This study employed a quantitative survey research method. The target population was Afghan residents of Shiraz, Iran, aged 18-64 years. The total Afghan population in this age range in Shiraz in 2023 was estimated to be 83,587, with 54,932 men and 28,655 women. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size. A sample of 320 Afghan men and women aged 18-64 years living in different areas of Shiraz were selected using a multistage cluster random sampling approach. However, due to some incomplete or missing questionnaires, the final sample size was increased to 500 participants. Sampling involved multiple stages. First, all 11 districts of Shiraz were considered as clusters and several districts were selected from among them based on size and likelihood of containing Afghan residents. Within each selected district, 3-4 blocks were then randomly chosen. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire. Statistical analyses appropriate for the measurement levels of the variables were conducted using SPSS software, version 26. The sample consisted of 449 Afghan residents of Shiraz, of whom 50.1% were male and 49.9% were female. The majority (56.1%) were aged 18-27 years, while only 0.2% of them were 48-57 years old. Most respondents (60.9%) were married, while 39.1% ones were single. In terms of education level, the largest group (23.7%) had only elementary schooling and the smallest group (2.2%) had post-diploma qualifications. A high proportion (39.8%) reported having no income, while only 0.2% earned 15 million tomans or more per year. Bivariate analyses showed significant differences in digital nationalism between men and women and between single and married individuals. Moreover, greater access to and use of new technologies were positively and significantly associated with digital nationalism at over 99% confidence. Multivariate regression modeling revealed 6 key predictors of digital nationalism: frequency of phone calls with other Afghans (in Iran and abroad), years lived in Iran, access to the internet and mobile phones, use of various digital platforms, employment status (daily wage worker), and presence of paternal family in Iran. Together, these variables explained 30% of the variance in digital nationalism. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study investigated the relationship between modern digital media, particularly social media and the internet, and the expression of nationalism among Afghans living in Shiraz, Iran. The findings indicated that access to the internet, primarily through smartphones and the use of various online platforms had facilitated communication between Afghans both within Iran and with those in Afghanistan. This ability to stay connected and discuss shared issues related to Afghanistan had contributed to strengthening of digital national identity among the Afghan diaspora in Shiraz. Specifically, factors, such as frequency of phone/video calls with other Afghans, length of time lived in Iran, access to the internet and mobile phones, use of different digital platforms, employment status, and presence of paternal family in Iran, were all positively and significantly associated with levels of digital nationalism. These contextual variables appeared to play an important intervening role in how new communication technologies influence the expression of national identity. In conclusion, the study provided evidence that digital media had facilitated the maintenance and expression of national identity among Afghans living in the diaspora. Access to transnational communication channels had enabled this population to stay engaged with their homeland and fellow Afghans, thereby reinforcing their sense of shared national belonging despite physical distance. The findings highlighted the important sociocultural implications of new information and communication technologies in shaping identity and community dynamics, especially for immigrant and diaspora populations.
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