مناسبات دولت انگلیس با خوانین حیات داودی با تأکید بر قراردادهای شرکت نفت ایران و انگلیس با آنها (از 1299ش/1920م تا 1320ش/1941م) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
درزمان کشف نفت در ایران، یکی از چالش های دولت انگلیس برای بهره برداری از این منابع، ضعف دولت مرکزی و ناتوانی در کنترل قدرت های محلی بود که در محل فعالیت شرکت سکونت و حکمرانی داشتند؛ بنابراین انگلیس برای چیره شدن بر این چالش، وارد مناسبات گسترده ای با حکام و خوانین ساکن در مکان های فعالیت شرکت، ازجمله با بختیاری ها، بنی کعب و حیات داودی ها شد. بر همین اساس، هدف این پژوهش بررسی فعالیت های شرکت نفت ایران و انگلیس در قلمرو حکمرانی خوانین حیات داودی و تبیین سیاست های این شرکت در قبال سران این طایفه، از اواخر دوره قاجار تا سقوط رضاشاه است. سؤال پژوهش این است که برقراری ارتباط بین خوانین حیات داودی و شرکت نفت ایران و انگلیس، به چه نحوی بوده و تغییر حکومت از قاجار به پهلوی، چه پیامدهایی برای آنها داشته است؟ طبق یافته های پژوهش، قرارداشتن قلمرو حکمرانی حیات داودی ها در محدوده عملیاتی شرکت، موجب انعقاد قراردادهایی مابین آنها شد که ازنظر اقتصادی و سیاسی، منافع زیادی برای سران این طایفه به همراه داشت؛ اما این مراودات در دوره پهلوی کاملاً با برنامه های این حکومت در تعارض بود. از طرفی شرکت نفت نیز به تبعیت از سیاست های دولت انگلستان، سطح ارتباطات خود را با حیات داودی ها کاهش داد و یا آن را به طور کامل قطع و مناسباتش را با دولت مرکزی تقویت کرد. درنهایت این تغییرات موجب بروز چالش و درگیری مابین بزرگان این طایفه با حکومت پهلوی و حذف آنها از صحنه قدرت شد. روش این پژوهش، توصیفی– تحلیلی و با تکیه بر اسناد است.The Relations between the England Government and the Lords of Hayat Davoudi with an Emphasis on the Iran-UK Oil Company Contracts with them (from 1920 to 1941)
AbstractIranian government’s inability to have control over local people and powers in the southern part of the country, where the oil was discovered, was one of the main obstacles and challenges for British authorities who sought to exploit the oil resources. Establishing wide and deep relations with the local rulers like Bakhtiaris, Bani-Kaab Sheikhs, and Hayat Davoudi lords was England’s solution to overcome this challenge. Focusing on this policy, this study aims to take a closer look at the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company’s activities in Hayat Davoud territory and discuss the company’s policies toward the lords of this tribe from the end of Qajar dynasty to the fall of Reza Shah Pahlavi. The quality of relations between the British company and Hayat Davoud lords and also the consequences of the shift of power from Qajar Kingdom to Pahlavi on these relations have made the basic questions of this study. The findings indicate that expanding the area of the company’s operations toward the deeper southern part of the country and involving the Hayat Davoud territory resulted in numerous contracts and agreements between the two sides which brought both political and economic profits for the old and local lords of the region. However, these beneficial relations were badly affected by the new kingdom (Pahlavi). On the other hand, the company following the new cabinet's foreign policy in England, decided to lower the level of relations with the local powers especially the Hayat Davoud lords in favor of strengthening the ties with the central government in Tehran. The outcome of this sudden shift was a severe clash between Hayat Davoudi lords and the Pahlavi administration which finally removed these old local powers from their historical position. Keywords: The Persian Gulf, Pahlavi Regime, Iranian Oil, Hayat Davoudi Lords.IntroductionFollowing the oil discovery in the southwest of Iran by William Knox D`Arcy in 1908, the entity of the Persian Gulf transformed from an intervening and marketing area to an expanse of remarkable surplus value for the British Kingdom. The oil formed a triangle-shaped relationship in the South of Iran while the Persian Gulf, Iran’s Oil, and local governments and lords were the components of that structure. In 1914, an offer by the First Sea Lord of Britain, Winston Churchill, put the British government in the focal point of the triangle since the Kingdom had purchased 51 percent of the Oil Company’s shares and officially the affairs and management of Iran's oil was in the hands of London. Preserving the oil resources by supporting the local allies in southern parts of Iran was the British diplomacy till World War I. By increasing the role of oil in winning the war and economic growth, London concluded that applying military force and leaning on small local governments would not guarantee the oil flow. The Bolshevist Revolution in Russia and the threat of expanding the communist ideology added to Britain’s concerns, and a shift in diplomacy and a successful attempt to change the regime in Iran were the consequences. These new developments affected the local lords who were greatly connected to the oil industry, especially the Hayat Davoudi lords who were accustomed to British friendship and favored relations. Materials and MethodsThis research follows the descriptive-analytical method and is based on historical documents. The effects of the discovery and extraction of oil on the relations of the British government and oil companies on the one hand, and the Hayat Davoudi lords on the other hand made up the main question of this study. The aftermath of the new dynasty (Pahlavi Kingdom) on the position of Hayat Davoudi lords and their claims on oil fields (especially Kharg Island) have also been considered.Research FindingsBy increasing the role of oil in winning the war and economic growth, London concluded that applying military force and leaning on small local governments would not guarantee the oil flow. The Bolshevist Revolution in Russia and the threat of expanding the communist ideology, added to Britain's concerns. This led to a shift in diplomacy, and a successful attempt to change the regime in Iran was the consequence. Following the coup and other events that brought Raza Shah to power, the lords’ issues seemed less significant to the British officials. A powerful administration could fulfill all the necessities, so by achieving some mutual agreements such as a new oil deal, London cut ties with all the local powers including Hayat Davoudi lords. By losing political support, real state registration and possession claims were the only way for Hayat Davoudi lords to prove their wealth and dignity. Apparently, Reza Shah whose policies had surpassed all the local powers got reluctant by these maneuvers. These new developments affected the local lords who were greatly connected to the oil industry, especially the Hayat Davoud Lords who were accustomed to British friendship and prosperous relations.Discussion of Results and ConclusionsThe absence of lords in the Reza Shah era was filled by the establishment of an authoritarian government. Therefore, after the coup d'état in 1921/1299 AH, followed by the formation of the Pahlavi authoritarian government, with the cancellation of Darcy's concession and the conclusion of a new contract in 1933/1312 AH, the company, at the request of the Iranian government, canceled all its communications with lords throughout Iran. Losing their political support, Hayat Davoudi lords sought to protect their economic interests by registering their properties and lands in the Hayat Davoud region and Khark Island. Their actions were not compatible with Reza Shah’s policies, which sought to dismantle tribal governments by restricting and disposing of them. This ultimately led to the summoning and arrest of Haider Khan and his son Alah Karam Khan and their deportation to Shiraz. During the exile and after Haider Khan's death in 1313 AH, all their properties in Khark and Hayat Davoud were confiscated and registered as government lands.
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