ضرورت بازتحلیل نظریه مند شعر فارسی با رویکرد سبک شناسی کلامی (نمونه: مؤلفه امکان رؤیت خداوند در شعر نظامی گنجوی) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
فرهنگ ایرانی اسلامی ما در طول ادوار روشن و تاریک خود، دست خوش تغییرات نظریه مند ازسوی دو اَبَرجریان تصوّف و کلام اسلامی بوده است. علم کلام که با انگیزه مستدل ساختن اصولِ دین، پای در زندگی انسانِ ایرانی نهاده بود، همه ابعاد فرهنگ ایرانی را از سیاست و شعر و ادبیات و ... در تأثیر و سیطره خود قرار داد. خراسان بزرگ و ماوراءالنهر قدیم که مهد و میزبان کلان فرقه های جبریه، معتزله، اشاعره، ماتریدیه، حشویه، مشبهه، کرّامیه، مرجئه و فِرَق شیعه بود، به ویژه تا قرن های چهار و پنج به معرکه ای برای منازعات مذهبی و تشتت آراء مبدّل شده بود. این منازعات مذهبی که گستره عظیمی از صف آرایی های برون فرقه ای و درون فرقه ای را دامن می زد، به تدریج در ذهن و زبانِ شاعران ایرانی نمود یافت و طیف رنگارنگی از باورهای نظریه مند را در شعرشان پدید آورد. متأسفانه مطالعات کلامی صورت گرفته در ادبیات فارسی تا روزگار ما از کلّی گویی های کلامی و پیش داوری ها مبرّا نبوده است. نویسندگان در این نوشتار برای پرهیز از کلّی گویی ها و نشان دادن انحراف از معیارهای اعتقادی فِرَق در شعر فارسی، «سبک شناسی نظریه مند با رویکرد کلامی» را معرّفی و پیشنهاد می کنند. از این نظر، مؤلفه اعتقادی «رؤیت خداوند» در بین فِرَق اسلامی را به بن مایه های فکری جزئی تری تقسیم کرده اند و ضمن بررسی تطبیقی عقاید فِرَق کلامی درباره رؤیت، رابطه نظریه مند واژگان نشان دار و معنادار را در شعر حکیم نظامی با دو لایه دستوری و بلاغی نشان داده و مواضع کلامی حکیم نظامی را در حوزه «رؤیت خداوند در معراج» با عقاید ابوالحسن اشعری هم سو دانسته اند.The Necessity of Ideological Reanalysis of Persian Poetry with a Theological Stylistics Approach (Case Study: The Component of the Possibility of Sighting God in Nizami Ganjavi's Poetry)
Throughout its periods of prosperity and adversity, Iranian Islamic culture has experienced significant ideological shifts under the influence of two prominent figures in Sufism and Islamic philosophy. The regions of Great Khorasan and ancient Transoxiana, which served as the cradle and hub for various major sects, such as Jabriyya, Mu'tazila, Ash'ara, Maturidiyya, Hashviyya, Moshbaha, Karramiyya, Murji'ah, and the Shia sects, became a battleground for religious conflicts and a diversity of theological perspectives, particularly up to the 4th and 5th centuries. These religious conflicts, which ignited a wide array of inter-sectarian and intra-sectarian disputes, gradually found expression in the thoughts and language of Iranian poets, giving rise to a rich tapestry of ideological beliefs in their poetry. Regrettably, the theological analyses of Persian literature to date have often been marred by generalizations and biases. In this article, the authors proposed the concept of "ideological stylistics with a theological approach" to circumvent generalizations and demonstrate the departure from sectarian belief norms in Persian poetry. From this vantage point, the concept of "sighting God" within Islamic sects has been dissected into more nuanced intellectual themes. By comparing the beliefs of various theological sects regarding this concept, the authors have unveiled the ideological interplay of symbolic and meaningful words in Hakim Nizami's poetry, revealing two grammatical and rhetorical layers. The theological stances of Hakim Nizami in the realm of "Sighting God in the Ascension" have been found to align with the beliefs of Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari.
Introduction:
The regions of Great Khorasan and ancient Transoxiana, which served as pivotal political and cultural centers in ancient Iran, were early Islamic strongholds for sects, such as Ash’ara, Mu’tazila, Shia, Kharijites, Karramiyya, and Murji’ah, along with their derivative sects, all of which have historically grappled with religious and theological conflicts. These ideological disparities have left an indelible mark on the thoughts and poetic expression of the poets hailing from these lands.
A survey of scholarly works in layered stylistics revealed a noticeable oversight of ideological speech layers, particularly pertaining to theological beliefs, in recent years. Regrettably, these studies have often fallen prey to generalizations, assumptions, and prejudices. In this article, the authors aimed to introduce a more comprehensive approach termed "ideological stylistics with a theological approach" to elucidate the connection between the marked words in the text and other phonetic, lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical layers.
This approach involved breaking down theological beliefs and viewpoints into smaller thematic elements to highlight the distinctions and deviations from belief standards and subsequently explaining and analyzing these variations in the language of poetry. Through this approach, the researchers of religious norms aim to demonstrate the deviations in the ideological beliefs of sects by presenting a detailed table, while the stylists analyze and expound upon the relationship of different layers of speech based on this information. In this article, as stylistic researchers, the authors deconstructed the belief component related to sighting God among the sects into smaller intellectual components, such as "the nature of the visitors," "the permission or obligation to sight God," "the means of sighting God," "the location of sighting God," "the timing of sighting God," and "the motivation for sighting God." Subsequently, as stylists, they illustrated the correlation between the deviation from the religious norms of sects and verses from Nizami's works, including Makhzan al-Asrār, Layli and Majnun, and Haft Peykār, in the context of sighting.
Methodology:
This study employed a descriptive-comparative and analytical approach, utilizing data gathered through document-based and library research. The proposed approach and model were elucidated using tables. The primary research sources consisted of theological books from various sects available in both Arabic and Persian.
Research Findings:
This research yielded several significant findings. Firstly, within the realm of Persian poetry stylistics, the layer of ideological speech concerning "theological beliefs" was notably disregarded, primarily due to the absence of precise standards for delineating deviations from religious norms. This underscored the critical need for interdisciplinary studies that could bridge the gap between literary knowledge, particularly in the field of stylistics, and Islamic philosophy. Secondly, the studies conducted in this domain had predominantly relied on presuppositions, prejudices, and generalizations, resulting in a unidimensional perspective. Consequently, researchers had struggled to establish the exact relationship between the various layers of speech, hindering their ability to effectively analyze and interpret poems or discern the poet's thoughts. Therefore, there was a pressing need for a comprehensive and inclusive method for the stylistic analysis of literary texts. Lastly, it was observed that early works in Islamic philosophy were not immune to bias, monotony, and accusation. Consequently, the ideological data presented in these books required scientific organization and modification. Therefore, in light of this observation, interdisciplinary researchers had to undertake the analysis of the stylistics of literary texts.
Discussion of Results and Conclusion:
In exploring the impact of Persian poetry on the theological beliefs of Islamic sects, several critical issues have emerged, including "shared beliefs among different sects," "intra-sect differences and individuality of theologians' viewpoints," "accusations and attributions of contradictory and opposing opinions to the leaders of the sects in theological literature," "presence of belief components of certain major sects in a poet's poetry," and "the need for a more precise comprehension of literary texts." These cases necessitate the adoption of a comprehensive and inclusive approach for the analysis of literary works. Through literary research, the authors advocated for a comprehensive method that incorporated ideological stylistics with a theological approach. To illustrate this approach in practice, they delved into the ideological examination of the theological aspect of sighting God in the ascension using a theological stylistic approach in the poetry of Hakim Nizami Ganjavi. By identifying symbolic words and elucidating the ideological underpinnings of these significant terms, they demonstrated the deviation of Nizami's beliefs from those of various sects and theologians. Ultimately, through an analysis of the interplay between ideology and grammar and rhetoric, the authors found that Hakim Nizami's thoughts on the subject of sighting God in the ascension aligned with the Ash'ara school of thought, particularly resonating with the viewpoints of Abul Hasan Ash'ari.
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