واکاوی صحت و بطلان شرکت مفاوضه و نقد و تحلیل آن در فقه مذاهب خمسه، آرای امام خمینی (ره) و حقوق ایران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
شرکت مفاوضه بنا بر تعریف فقهای امامیه، عقدی است که موجب شریک شدن دو یا چند نفر در هر مالی است که کسب می کنند و همچنین موجب شریک شدن در هر غرامتی است که ملزم به پرداخت آن می گردند. بیشتر فقها این بحث را ذیل عقد شرکت آورده اند ؛ اما تاکنون پژوهش مستقلی در خصوص دیدگاه های مذاهب خمسه در خصوص این عقد به نحو مقایسه ای انجام نگرفته است. این پژوهش به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و مقایسه ای صورت پذیرفته با این توضیح که با توجه به تفاوت تعریف مذاهب خمسه ابتدا تعریف هریک از مذاهب به طور جداگانه ذکرشده و سپس در مقام بررسی صحت یا بطلان این شرکت، ادله قائلین به هر قول بررسی شده است. فقهای امامیه و شافعیه قائل به بطلان این عقد هستند و قول به صحت این عقد را به برخی از مذاهب اهل سنت نسبت داده اند. در حقوق ایران نیز این شرکت باطل دانسته شده است. با توجه به تفاوت تعریف مذاهب خمسه از این شرکت، ابتدا تعریف هریک از مذاهب به طور جداگانه ذکرشده؛ سپس ادله قائلین به صحت و بطلان بررسی شده است. بدیهی است تفاوت تعریف این شرکت در نزد قائلین به صحت و بطلان باعث شده ادله ای که برای هر قول ذکر می گردد نیز متفاوت باشد. پس از بررسی این ادله نزدیکی دیدگاه مذاهب خمسه در خصوص این عقد آشکار می گردد.An Analysis of Validity and Invalidity of Equal Co-partnership, Its Criticism and Analysis in Jurisprudence of Five Schools of Islamic Thought, Imam Khomeini’s Opinion and Iranian law
As defined by Imamiyah jurists, equal co-partnership is a type of contract that brings together partners who share all business profits and losses. The history of examining this type of partnership dates back to the time of Sheikh Tusi, and many jurists who have entered into discussion of corporate contracts have also explored equal co-partnership. However, no independent research has been conducted regarding viewpoints of the five schools of Islamic thought in terms of this contract in a comparative way. This research work, developed through a descriptive-analytical and comparative method, states that due to the difference in definitions of this type of contract in five schools of Islamic thought, we have first reviewed definitions of each school separately and then, the arguments of those who believe in each statement have been examined in order to check the validity or invalidity of this equal co-partnership. According to Imamiyah jurists, equal co-partnership is a contract that enables two or more people to share any profit and compensate any loss in their business. There is sharp difference of opinion among opinions of the five schools of Islamic thought, the Imami and Shafi'i jurists believe that this contract is invalid, but some of the Imami jurists have attributed the validity of this contract to some of the Sunni schools, which is explained in this study. This equal co-partnership is void in Iranian law. Considering the difference in the definitions of the five schools of Islamic thought regarding this company, it seems necessary to first mention the definition of each religion separately and then to check the validity or invalidity of this equal co-partnership, while the evidence of those who believe in each statement should be examined as well. It is obvious that the difference in definitions of this equal co-partnership in the eyes of those who believe it to be true and invalid has caused the evidence mentioned for each promise to be different. After examining these evidences, the authenticity of the equal co-partnership is revealed according to the definitions provided by those who believe in validity of the issue. In addition to this, the invalidity of equal co-partnership, according to the definitions argued by Imamiyah jurists, is also evident in the eyes of the jurists of the five schools of Islamic thought.
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