تأملی بر تنوع مضامین هنری و منشأ کاشی های قاجاری تکیه معاون الملک کرمانشاه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تکیه معاون الملک یکی از مهم ترین تکایای ایران و بناهای شهر کرمانشاه در اواخر دوره قاجار است که در بافت قدیم شهر و محله برزه دماغ واقع شده است. کاشی کاری تکیه، مضامین متعدد مذهبی، ملی، اساطیری، حماسی، مناظر طبیعی، گل و مرغ و هندسی را در بر می گیرد. مهم ترین هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی منشأ نقوش کاشی های فوق، علل شکل گیری آنها در کنار هم و پی بردن به مضامین متنوع محلی، بومی و فرا محلی در آنهاست. روش بکار رفته در پژوهش توصیفی تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای، تحقیقات میدانی در محل و مقایسه تطبیقی نقوش کاشی ها با نسخ خطی مصور دوره قاجار به منظور پی بردن به منشأ آنهاست. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که الگو گرفتن از تصاویر نسخ خطی مصورِ رجال روشنفکر و ملی گرای قاجاری مانند جلال الدین میرزا قاجار و فرصت الدوله شیرازی، منشأ نقوش حماسی و اساطیری است که در آن تأثیر هنر ایران باستان به وضوح مشهود است. همچنین مشخص شد که الگوی ایجاد کاشی های حماسی منقش ِتکیه معاون الملک با خانه های قاجاری قوام السلطنه، مشیرالدوله و اعلم السلطنه در تهران، حمام سردر گلزار رشت و خانه آرازی قزوین یکی است. منشأ تصاویر مذهبی نیز برگرفته از پرده نقالان، شبیه خوانان و کتب چاپ سنگی است.A Research on the Variety of Art Themes and the Origin of the Qajarian Tiles in the Mo’aven-ol Molk Tekyeh, Kermanshah
One of the most important Tekyes in Iran and one of the most important Islamic buildings in Kermanshah province is the Mo’aven-ol Molk Tekyeh. This building is located in historical context (Barzeh Damagh district) and related to the late Qajar period. Based on the present situation, the space of this Tekye has been formed of four parts: Courtyard entrance, Hoseiniyeh, Zainabiyeh and Abbasiyeh. Diverse motifs of Tekyeh tiles encompass various religious themes, national, mythological, epic, natural landscapes, flowers and birds and geometric patterns. As regards, the origin of Tekye tiles has not been studied, the most important aim of this study is identify the origin of motifs, causes of their formation adjacent to each other and find out variety of native and local themes. Tiles painting of Tekyeh are the junction of the latest old and new elements. These are reflection of the cultural and artistic development in Qajar Period. Paintings themes of Tekye not quite Iranian or European, rather they are bilateral phenomenon and can be seen unique features in artistic themes. Between paintings of Mo’aven-ol Molk Tekyeh, epic, political and religious themes superiority on other paintings. On the one hand, close relationship this paintings with Ta'zieh and Naqqali and on the other hand with heroic tales and epic of Shahnameh, caused common people has dreaming lives with national, religious and mythological heroes. In other words, syntagmatic of Qajarian kings, dignitaries and elders paintings beside religious imagery, motivate the same sense of respect and submission in Iranians which giving religious image or idealized image of the ancient kings to the people. This issue has been responder the national and religious needs of people that links and equivalent them together. Another important result of this study is the initial pattern of painters in creating tiles with images of epic and national kings in the Mo’aven-ol Molk Tekyeh, had been these books: “Nameh Khosrovan” by Jallal al -din Mirza Qajar and “Asar ol- Ajam” by Forsat ol- Doleh Shirazi. This Paintings had been the pattern of portrait images of mythological, national and epic figures in the tile works of buildings in this period especially in Tehran. The formation of image of members political elite as ministers, rulers and members of the merchants class in Mo’aven-ol Molk Tekyeh, has been the result of the Mashrooteh revolution as a symbol of modernity and the end of centrality king in Iran. In fact, modernity and social changes caused the formation specialized fields in the Qajarian period. Painting gradually achieved relative independency, along with these changes as in the other fields. Qajarian kings on the account of using this change with creation the political and epic themes, Shown glory and legitimacy of His dynasty. Method used in the present study in order to achieve consistent and appropriate analysis is the use of written sources; including primary sources and comparative comparisonin in this field. As well as fieldwork at the site in order to understand the origin of the motifs and effective backgrounds in creating them.
تبلیغات
