اثبات وقوع جنگ و درگیری فیزیکی در غزوه بنی قریظه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
غزوه بنی قریظه از وقایع چالشی در سیره پیامبر(ص) است. مشهور است که بنی قریظه در این واقعه محاصره و سپس تسلیم شده است و مردانشان در اسارت کشته شدند. مسئله این پژوهش این است که شواهدی دالّ بر وقوع جنگ و درگیری در قریظه وجود دارد که در گزارش مشهور اشاره نشده است و نشانگر نقص در گزارش مشهور است. در این نوشتار تمام گزارش ها و شواهد مذکور گردآوری و در پنج عنوان دسته بندی شده است. در ابتدا نشان دادیم هیچ روایتی وجود ندارد که به وقوع نیافتن جنگ در بنی قریظه تصریح کرده باشد، بلکه برخی از منابع در این باره سکوت کرده و برخی دیگر وقوع تیراندازی در این جنگ را بیان کرده اند. روایاتی نیز موجودند که از رشادت علی(ع) و زبیر بن عوام در این جنگ سخن می گویند که به دلیل سکوت منابع مشهور در این زمینه، کنار گذاشته شده اند. اشعاری از حسان بن ثابت نیز به عنوان یکی از شاهدان جنگ قریظه موجود است که وقوع جنگ خونینی را در قریظه تصویر می کند. همچنین تفاوت سرنوشت بنی قریظه و بنی نضیر در جنگیدن و نجنگیدن در روایت عبدالله بن عمر و ابیات حسان بن ثابت به عنوان شاهدان واقعه ارائه شد. دلیل مهم دیگر بر وقوع جنگ در قریظه، روش تقسیم غنایم این جنگ است که پس از تخمیس و جداکردن خمس غنایم، در میان شرکت کنندگان جنگ تقسیم شد. این روش تقسیم غنایم، بیانگر وقوع جنگ و درگیری فیزیکی در قریظه است که با غزوه بنی نضیر و قرارگرفتن غنایم آن در دست پیامبر(ص) به دلیل وقوع نیافتن جنگ متفاوت است. وجود این شواهد که معارضی ندارند در کنار یکدیگر بر وقوع جنگ و درگیری فیزیکی در بنی قریظه دلالت دارد.Proof of War and Physical Conflict in the Battle of Bani Qurayzah
The battle of Bani Qurayzah is one of the challenging events in the Prophet’s (PBUH) life. It is said that Bani Qurayzah was besieged by the prophet’s troops, forced to surrender, and their men were killed in captivity. But there is evidence of the occurrence of physical conflict in the battle of Bani Qurayzah, which indicates a flaw in the famous report. In the present study, this evidence is presented in five headings. First, we show that there is no tradition indicating the absence of physical warfare in the Bani Qurayzah incident, while some sources are silent on this issue and others have expressed images of shooting in this war. There are also traditions that report the bravery of Imam Ali (AS) and Zubair ibn al-Awwam on the battlefield but have been abandoned due to the silence of well-known sources. Verses by Hassan ibn Thabit are also presented as evidence of the battle of Qurayzah, which depicts a bloody war. Also, the difference between the fate of Bani Qurayzah and Bani Nadir in the occurrence of physical warfare is well illustrated in the narration of Abdullah ibn Umar and the verses of Hassan ibn Thabit as real witnesses. Another important reason is how the spoils of this war were divided and distributed among its Muslim participants after estimating and separating the khums (one-fifth) of the spoils. This method of dividing the spoils which is different from the way they were handed over to the prophet in the Bani Nadir incident indicates the occurrence of a physical conflict in Qurayzah. These pieces of evidence, which have no contradictory alternatives, indicate the occurrence of physical warfare in the battle of Bani Qurayzah. Introduction The incident of Bani Qurayzah is a challenging case that researchers are still seeking to find the truth. In the 5 th century A.H., the Jews of Bani Qurayzah broke their confederation with the Muslims and participated in the Khandaq War against Muslims. When the battle of Khandaq was over, the Prophet (PBUH) and the Muslims went to Bani Qurayzah. It is said that Bani Qurayza surrendered and their men were killed in captivity. But, there is evidence of war and conflict in Bani Qurayza. This issue indicates a flaw in the famous report. Materials and Methods There is a lot of research on the Bani Qurayzah campaign, which is mainly focused on historical sources, while considering the narrative structure of ancient history books, it is better to base this research on various hadith narrations rather than sources. Therefore, in this study, the investigation is based on historical narratives. Discussion The historical reasons that indicate the occurrence of war and conflict in Bani Qurayzah are categorized under five headings, which are: 4.1. Shoot and War or the Silence of Sources Musnad traditions that provide general information about the incident of Qurayzah have very little data about the conditions of the encounter between Bani Qurayza and Muslims. From these narrations, some of them are silent about the war and conflict in Bani Qurayzah, and others have mentioned the occurrence of war in Qurayzah. There are several narratives about the shooting in Bani Qurayzah. According to these narrations, the shooting in Bani Qurayzah is certain. 4.2. Hassan ibn Thabit's Poetry Ibn Hisham, quoting from Ibn Ishaq, has included some poems by Hassan ibn Thabit under the Qurayzah incident. Hassan is one of the greatest Arab poets before the advent of Islam and at the beginning of the Islamic period. He is one of the witnesses of the Qurayzah battle. In one of his verses, he says: “We let them go while they did not gain anything, except that their blood became like a pool in which they had splashed”. In this verse, it is emphasized that Bani Qurayza were killed in the place of Qurayza. This issue contradicts what Ibn Ishaq says about killing Quraizah in the Medina market. 4.3. Bravery of Imam Ali (AS) and Zubair in the Qurayza Incident In a narration by Abd al-Karim Jazri, the bravery of Zubair bin Awam in the Qurayzah incident is discussed. There is also a narrative about the bravery of Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS) in the Qurayzah incident, which Tabarsi quotes in his book Al-Ihtjaj. 4.4. Difference between the Incident of Qurayzah and the Incident of Bani Nadir The differences between the fate of Bani Nadir and Qurayzah have been expressed in the poems of Hassan bin Thabit and the narration of Abdullah bin Umar. The difference between the fates of Qurayzah and Nadir is mentioned in the verses of Hasan bin Thabit with the informant ‘Qad Laqit Qurayza Ma Saaha’. Also, in a part of the narration of Abdullah bin Umar, it is stated that Bani Nadir and Qurayzah were involved in a common incident and fought with the Prophet (PBUH), the result of which was Bani Nadir’s expulsion and Qurayzah remained. After that, Quraizah fought with the Prophet (PBUH) and suffered a severe defeat. This narration supports the poetry of Hassan bin Thabit. 4.5. Distribution of the Spoils of Qurayzah among the Participants in that War As mentioned in the Qur'an and hadiths, during the time of the Prophet (PBUH), the type of distribution of spoils was affected by the existence of a fight or reconciliation in war. That is, if there was no conflict in a war and they did not ride a horse and did not take any trouble and the matter ended with a compromise, the spoils of that war belonged to the Prophet (PBUH) and he had to decide how to divide it. But if war and physical conflict took place, the spoils of that war should be divided among the participants in that war as stated in the Qur'an . According to historical reports, the spoils of Qurayzah were divided among the participants of that war after counting and separating one-fifth of it. Therefore, the type of booty distribution indicates the occurrence of war and conflict in Bani Qurayzah. Conclusion In the present study, evidence was presented that indicates the existence of war and physical conflict in Qurayzah. As stated, there is no narration that clearly talks about the non-occurrence of war in Bani Qurayzah. Some sources are silent about the events during the siege, while others have mentioned the shooting and war in Qurayzah. There were also reports that directly mentioned the fighting and killing of a person from Bani Qurayzah by Zubair bin Awam and the killing of the elders of Qurayzah by Imam Ali (AS). Poems related to the Qurayzah incident were also mentioned, in which some depicted a bloody battle that led to victory. The difference between the fate of Bani Qurayzah and Bani Nadir in fighting and not fighting was presented in the narration of Abdullah bin Omar and the verses of Hassan bin Thabit as witnesses of the event. The method of dividing the spoils of Qurayzah was also stated as important evidence of the occurrence of war in Qurayzah. The existence of these pieces of evidence that do not contradict each other is a sign of the occurrence of war and physical conflict in Bani Qurayzah. Considering this result, it is necessary to review the other traditions of the Bani Qurayzah incident.
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