رویکردهای عکاسی خیابانی در ثبت وقایع انقلاب اسلامی و جنگ تحمیلی ایران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از ژانرهای عکاسی که وابسته به زندگی مردم است، عکاسی خیابانی است. این ژانر، شکلی از عکاسی مستند است، اما قطعاً گزارش نیست و به ندرت داستانی را بیان می کند. تحقیق حاضر بر آن است تا رویکردهای عکاسی خیابانی را در رویدادهای ثبت شده انقلاب اسلامی و جنگ تحمیلی ایران شناسایی و موردبررسی قرار دهد؛ رویدادهایی که مهم ترین مقاطع سیاسی و اجتماعی ایران را در سال های 1357 و 1360ه.ش در برمی گیرند و مجموعه ای از سوژه های ناب را فراهم می سازند. عکاسانی که از جوامع مختلف در این وقایع حضور داشتند؛ توانستند از ژانر عکاسی خیابانی به خوبی استفاده کنند و رویکردهای متنوعی را به نمایش بگذارند. به همین دلیل و با توجه به اینکه تاکنون، چه در نمایشگاه های عکاسی و چه در تحقیقات کاربردی، توجه بسیار کمی به این ژانر عکاسی در این مقطع زمانی خاص شده، مطالعه این آثار اهمیت می یابد. پرسش اصلی این است که: چه رویکردهایی در عکاسی خیابانی وقایع انقلاب اسلامی و جنگ تحمیلی ایران به کار گرفته شده است؟ این تحقیق در دسته پژوهش های کاربردی قرار می گیرد و به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی با رویکرد تطبیقی و شیوه گردآوری اطلاعات اسنادی، مطالعات کتابخانه ای و الکترونیکی تنظیم شده است. یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهند که از میان رویکردهای شش گانه، رویکرد تهاجمی در هر دو واقعه بیشتر مورداستفاده قرار گرفته و رویکرد کلاسیک و مستند اجتماعی در واقعه جنگ تحمیلی کمتر مدنظر بوده است. علت این امر را می توان در ماهیت و جز جدانشدنی این قبیل واقعه ها که درگیری و تهاجم است، جستجو کرد.Approaches to Street Photography in Recording the Events of the Islamic Revolution and Imposed War in Iran
One of the genres of photography that is related to people's lives is street photography. Since the emergence of this medium, this genre of photography has always occupied a large part of the images in Europe, especially in Paris and then in the United States. It also has a long history as old as photography itself and has continued from the past until now. Street photography is a form of documentary photography, but it is definitely not reportage and rarely tells a story. Due to the fact, that street photography is not limited by any rules and laws, it is more popular than other genres of photography. Photography subjects in this genre, include a wide and diverse range. Street photography has a wide range of meanings and concepts, and it is also one of those manifestations in which every expert or specialist has her (or his) own unique point of view. In street photography, the subject is not limited to one subject and can also include an object or an environment in which the object or human character is displayed. Approaches to street photography are also one of the important topics that many theorists and artists have discussed and presented theories. Street photography approaches include: classic, aggressive, social documentary, romantic and dramatic, candid and formalistic. The classic approach is a relatively boring approach that does not convey any message or concept. The aggressive approach portrays instability and social inequality. Also, in the social documentary approach, deprivations and social problems and people's lives are shown. The romantic and dramatic approach shows different human states. In the candidate approach, photos are recorded suddenly from the subject. And finally, the formalist approach that focuses on the form and lines of the environment. Two important political and social events in Iran، in the 1350s، are the Islamic Revolution and the imposed war After Mohammad Reza Pahlavi came to the throne, in 1332, people's struggles actually started and these struggles caused him to flee from Iran, but finally, on 28nd Mordad, the American coup d'état established his rule. With the demonstrations and popular struggles in the years 1355- 1357, with the return of Imam Khomeini to the country, the government of the Islamic Republic was established on 22nd Bahman. Also, the Islamic Revolution is one of the great social revolutions that has brought many effects and reactions in the world and the country. The war imposed by Iraq against Iran lasted about 8 years and is considered one of the biggest wars of the 20th century. This war started at a time when the fledgling government of the Islamic Republic was busy rebuilding its organizations and institutions. The Islamic revolution and the imposed war, are two important events in the contemporary history of Iran, which have provided a suitable platform for the presence of photographers and the recording of events. Akbar Nazemi, Maryam Zandi, Bahman Jalali, Kaveh Kazemi, Alan Dejan, Reza Daghati, Michel Setbon, David Burnett, Bob Dir, Alfred Yaqoubzadeh are among the photographers who recorded the events of the Islamic Revolution, and Jassem Ghazban pour, Mohsen Rastani, Masoud Zenderooh Kermani, Mohammad Sayyad, Rasool Mulla Qalipour, Kamaluddin Shahrokh, Saeed Sadeghi, Amir Ali Javadian, Ali Qoliziaei, Mohsen Shandiz are also among the photographers who have been active in recording the events of imposed war.
The present research aims to identify and investigate the approaches of street photography in the recorded events of the Islamic Revolution and the Imposed War in Iran; The events that include the most important political and social phases of Iran in the years 1357 and 1360 and provide a collection of pure subjects. Photographers from different communities were present in these events; They were able to use the genre of street photography well and show various approaches. For this reason and considering that so far, both in photography exhibitions and in basic research, very little attention has been paid to this genre of photography at this particular point in time, the study of these works becomes important. The main question is: What approaches have been used in street photography of the events of the Islamic Revolution and the Imposed War in Iran? This research is included in the category of basic research and is organized in a descriptive-analytical method with a comparative approach; and the method of collecting resources is library-documentary and electronic (and the collection method is library-documentary and electronic resources). The findings of the research show that among the six approaches, the aggressive approach was used more in both events, and the classical and social documented approach was less considered in the event of Imposed War. The reason for this can be found in the nature and inseparable part of such events, which is conflict and aggression.
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