جایگاه هستی شناسی و معرفت شناسی فطرت و ارتباط آن با عقل نظری و عملی
آرشیو
چکیده
در این مقاله با روش تحلیل عقلانی فطرت از دو حیث هستی شناسانه و معرفت شناسانه مورد پژوهش قرار گرفته هدف و نتایج زیر به دست آمده است: فطرت از حیث هستی شناسی آفرینش ویژه و نحوه وجود انسان است؛ انسان مانند لوح سفید یا خمیر شکل یافته اى به دنیا نمى آید بلکه عقل نظری و عملی آدمی به گونه ای خلق شده است که در دو حوزۀ بینشی وگرایشی مفطور به استعدادهایی است که سمت وسویشان انسان بالفعل شدن است . فطرت دارای ویژگیهایی از جمله همگانی بودن، غیراکتسابی بودن، زوال ناپذیری، تشکیک پذیری، هدایتگری انسان، برخورداری از مراتب مختلف عملی از جمله مراتب لوامه و ملهمه و مطمئنه و ... می باشد. فطرت از حیث معرفتی منبعی جدا و مستقل در کنار منابع معرفت نیست بلکه در حوزه منبع عقل نظری قرار دارد و از حیث عقل عملی مرتبه ای از عقل است که خاصیت ادراک شهودی دارد.این پژوهش از آن جهت اهمیت دارد که فطرت از جهتی زیر بنای علوم انسانی و از جهتی دیگر نوع تبیین هستی شناسی و معرفتی فطرت، در انتزاع لوازم و دلالتهای تربیتی و شناختی اهمیت ویژه ای دارد.The Place of Ontology and Epistemology of Innate and its Relationship with Theoretical and Practical Intellect
In this paper, with the method of rational analysis of innate from two ontological and epistemological aspects, the aim and the following results have been obtained: In terms of ontology, innate is a special creation and the way of human existence; Man is not born like a white board or a shaped dough, but the man’s theoretical and practical intellect is created in such a way, that in two fields of insight and tendency, has talents that direction is to become a human being. Innate has characteristics such as universality, non-acquiredness, indestructibility, graduation ability, human guidance, possessing different levels of practicality, including the levels of reproachful, inspiration, and certainty, etc. In terms of epistemology, innate is not a separate and independent source next to the sources of knowledge, but it is in the field of the source of theoretical intellect, and in terms of practical intellect, it is a level of intellect that has the property of intuitive perception. This paper is important because innate is the foundation of human sciences and, from another point of view, the ontological and epistemological explanation of innate, is of special importance in abstracting educational and cognitive tools and implications. Extended Abstract Introduction Undoubtedly, innate, which is the mode of existence, the special creation, and the constitutive of human existence, with the characteristics of universality, incorruptibility, graduation ability, self-awareness, etc., has a special place in the field of human sciences, because it is the basis of human guidance, growth, and trainability. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the existence of innate and its epistemic status and its relationship with the powers and levels of the soul. On the other hand, there is a question for the researchers that whether innate brings existence and knowledge independent from other powers of the soul in terms of existence and knowledge, or whether innate is the same state and special creation of each of the powers? And on the assumption that it is a special state of powers, is it the state and creation of all powers or some powers? Inevitably, based on each of the sayings, certain accessories and results are derived from that theory. Method The method this paper is rational analysis of innate from two ontological and epistemological aspects. Findings The present study is responsible for briefly discussing the ontology of innate and explaining innate with a more detailed literature than the background, then the epistemological aspect of innate is discussed and by stating the types of innate it is explained that innate is an independent source. It is not one of the other sources of knowledge, but innate is the mode of existence of theoretical and practical reason, while in some researches, innate is considered to be independent from other sources, or inherent in non-reason. The main question is: What is the position of ontology and epistemology of innate and its relationship with theoretical and practical intellect? To answer this question, first the literal and idiomatic meaning of innate is explained. Then, in two separate parts, first the ontological aspect of innate and its relationship with theoretical and practical intellect, and then the epistemological aspect of innate and its relationship with theoretical and practical intellect are explained. In this paper, with the method of rational analysis of innate from two ontological and epistemological aspects, the aim and the following results have been obtained: In terms of ontology, innate is a special creation and the way of human existence; Man is not born like a white board or a shaped dough, but the man’s theoretical and practical intellect is created in such a way, that in two fields of insight and tendency, has talents that direction is to become a human being. Innate has characteristics such as universality, non-acquiredness, indestructibility, graduation ability, human guidance, possessing different levels of practicality, including the levels of reproachful, inspiration, and certainty, etc. Conclusion It is possible to evaluate the identity of the illuminative-discussive method and the transcendental philosophy and its distinction from the mere debating method in two directions: one characteristic is the direction of the special method of the transcendental philosophy, which uses enlightened reason in the capacity of philosophizing and thinking (not presenting proofs philosophical) by expanding his field of thought. He also uses superior intuitive truths in the form of a proof and provides a philosophical explanation; Another characteristic is from the general method used in transcendental philosophical, that in the capacity of intellectual investigations and information gathering in order to pay attention to what they have explained about religious and mystical ontology in religious texts and theoretical mysticism, the enlightened philosopher of authority in ontology and discovery find dimensions of reality that mere philosophical reason does not have the possibility of increasing knowledge and authority in increasing knowledge in this way. According to this, transcendental philosophy with the enlightening-discussion method can be considered a superior ontology compared to a philosophy that does not benefit from enlightened reason in its thinking and does not pay enough attention to superior sources of knowledge. With the explanation presented, the method of transcendental philosophy can also show the realization and development of Islamic and Shiite philosophy. Also, this method can be used as a research method in related religious sciences and in this way it adds to the richness of these sciences. Innate has characteristics such as universality, non-acquiredness, indestructibility, graduation ability, human guidance, possessing different levels of practicality, including the levels of reproachful, inspiration, and certainty, etc. In terms of epistemology, innate is not a separate and independent source next to the sources of knowledge, but it is in the field of the source of theoretical intellect, and in terms of practical intellect, it is a level of intellect that has the property of intuitive perception. This paper is important because innate is the foundation of human sciences and, from another point of view, the ontological and epistemological explanation of innate, is of special importance in abstracting educational and cognitive tools and implications. تاریخ فلسفه اسلامی سال دوم/ شماره 6/ تابستان 1402 نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی * Ph.D Student of islamic philosophy of the Islamic philosophy Institute. ** Associate Professor of the Research Institute for Islamic Culture and Thought (iict).
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