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چکیده

در این مقاله، تأثیر بطلان و انحلال عقد اصلی بر شرط ضمن آن، با تأکید بر فقه امامیه با مطالعه در حقوق ایران و حقوق تطبیقی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، تدارک قاعده برای شرط مستقل از عقد بود و با این سؤال روبه رو بودیم که آیا شرط در هر صورت در مرحله ایجاد و بقا تابع عقد است و با بطلان عقد، باطل و با انحلال آن منحل می شود یا خیر؟ نتیجه حاصله این بود که شرط در مرحله ایجاد اصولاً از عقد تبعیت می کند و «بطلان عقد مشروط» سبب بطلان شرط ضمن آن می گردد، مگر اینکه از اراده دو طرف بر آید که برای شرط اصالت قائل هستند و وجود شرط را فارغ از عقد می خواهند. شرط رجوع به داوری و حفظ اسرار نیز به همین دلیل، حتی در فرض بطلان عقد صحیح اند. به علاوه، بر خلاف ظاهر ماده 246 قانون مدنی، «انحلال عقد مشروط» موجب انحلال شرط ضمن آن نمی شود، مگر اینکه شرط قابلیت جدا شدن از عقد را نداشته باشد، مانند شرط صفت، یا اینکه عقد تبعی نظیر رهن و ضمان در قالب شرط منعقد شده و یا از اراده طرفین معلوم باشد که آنان شرط را از حیث بقا و دوام تابع عقد اصلی قرار داده اند. بنابراین، ماده یادشده را باید تنها ناظر به اثر انحلال عقد بر شرط ضمن آن و ویژه شرط جدایی ناپذیر و تبعی دانست.

The effect of invalidation and dissolution of the contract on the condition; Preparation of the rule for the "independence of the condition of the contract" from the perspective of Islamic law and judicial procedure

In this article, the effect of the nullity and termination of the original contract on the condition stipulated in it has been examined through a study of Iranian and comparative law with emphasis on Imami jurisprudence. The purpose of the present study is to delineate a rule for a condition which is independent from a contract, and we were faced with the question of whether the condition in any case follows the contract in the stage of formation and continuance, ie, is invalidated by its annulment and terminated by its termination. We concluded that the condition in the stage of contract formation is basically subject to the contract and as a result the "nullity of a contract having a condition" causes the invalidation of a condition, except in cases where it is understood from the intention of both parties that they believe in the independence of the condition and want it to exist regardless of the contract. For this reason, the clause concerning arbitration and preservation of secrets is valid even if one assumes that the contract is void. In addition, contrary to the apparaet meaning of Article 246 of the Civil Code, "termination of a contract that contains a stipulation" does not lead to the termination of a condition, except in cases where a condition does not have the capacity to be separated from a contract, such as `a condition regarding a specific quality or quantity or an ancillary contract, such as mortgage and guarantee in the form of a condition stipulated in a contract or if it is clear from the intention of the parties that they have made the condition subject to the original contract in terms of permanence and durability. Therefore, the aforementioned article should be considered only as the effect of the termination of the contract on the condition stipulated therin and limited to an inseparable and ancillary condition.

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