5G networks

  Background: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) utilizing and active interface with 5G networks has become the new frontier to tackling problems of latency and energy efficiency, interference, and resource management. Although prior researches explained the benefits of UAV integrated networks; overall assessment of various parameters and cases is still scarce. Objective: The article seeks to assess the performance of UAV integrated 5G network in terms of latency, power, signal quality, task coordination and coverage optimization and to ascertain the efficiency of optimization algorithms in the improvement of the integrated 5G network. Methods: Emulations were done in MATLAB and NS3 platforms in urban / suburban / emergency call settings. Latency, power consumption, SINR, and completion time were the performance indicator chosen in the paper. Optimization algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Genetic Algorithm (GA), and the Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) is evaluated in terms of Convergence time and Solution quality. Results : UAV-aided networks showed 36.7% and 29.2 % improvement in latency and energy consumption, while 33.6 % enhancement in SINR. MOEA offered the best results with 98.3% solution quality, and the PSO being the most convergence oriented. Minor deviations between simulation and real results highlight the need for adaptive mechanisms. Conclusion: The results presented focus on the enough potential of UAV-assisted 5G networks and their potential influence on improving performances in case of different criteria. Further research should focus on successfully implementing and deploying the proposed solutions and broadening the context of study to include 6G technologies.

Background: Smart contract is defined as a self-executing contract that runs on the distributed ledger technology, called block chain and has attracted much attention as a promising application for improving efficiency, accountability and reliability in telecommunications and related sectors. But problems like scalability issues, recurrent resource inefficiencies, and threats posed by new quantum computing technologies hinder their broad usage and effectiveness. Solving these problems is crucially important to further development of blockchain systems and to provide for them ongoing stability in complex contexts. Objective: Towards this goal, the current study proposes a comprehensive blockchain framework that incorporates these computational intelligence techniques and quantum-safe cryptography in an effort to address scalability, security, and efficiency issues. This research aims at solving practical problems and identifying the potential applications for blockchain in telecommunication and other fields. Methods: An evidence-based approach including detailed literature reviews, qualitative expert interviews, and simulation studies was adopted. Experimental conditions involved latency, throughput, energy, and scalability factors in order to assess single-photon detection. Telecommunications providers engaged in pilot tests to determine the practical usability of the system. Results: The improvement in the aspects of the system that was proposed were high improvements that were achieved as follows: 75% improvement in scalability, 25% improvement in latency, and the preferred quantum-resistant cryptography. Substantial gain in energy efficiency was estimated to be 40%, while field implementations ensured versatility of the system in the areas that differ from a city or even desert. Conclusion: These findings provide support to the proposition that blockchain systems hold the key to revolutionizing telecommunications. With that, the solution of the critical limitations of this research makes it the basis for further development to maintain blockchain technology secure, scalable, and sustainable in the quantum period.

Background: Mobile networks today specifically 5G require appreciable secure networks because of the emerging risks due to the growth in the deployment of network structures. Discovered weaknesses of cryptographic conventional methods to quantum computing breakthroughs make it necessary to develop quantum-resistant solutions. Objective: The article analysing Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols in improving cryptographic performance in 5G networking environment, with emphasis on incorporating QKD into 5G network designs. Methods: The study performed both a systematic literature review and an evaluation of current QKD deployments, as well as a qualitative assessment of data derived from 20 key informant interviews on QKD in telecommunications and 15 technical reports. Latency and key generation rate experiments were both conducted with relay mechanisms including both trusted and untrusted optical fiber and wireless relay links, in addition to integration issues were explored using simulations over fiber and wireless emulated networks. Results: The outcomes emphasise that QKD brings radically enhanced key security in conjunction with low delay and high rate within integrated 5G architectures. Hybrid relay-based QKD augmented key generation rates by 23 % in comparison with previous techniques. There are also concerns associated with the implementation of internationally agreed on standards which include issues pertaining to non-compliance of the standards used in different countries and high costs involved when trying to implement these standards. Conclusion: QKD implementation also increases cryptographic protection of the 5G networks and makes infrastructures quantum-immune to threats originating from the quantum-age. To make it more widespread, additional standardization and a reduction in cost are required.