ship

Carrier’s obligation of seaworthiness is among the controversial areas in legal systems around the world. Despite The interpretable concept of the commitment to seaworthiness, the damage caused by its violation is not limited to cargo or passengers. Carrier’s negligence of this legal requirement may also cause a ship to sink or sustain damage. Nevertheless, lack of clarity about the bilateral attention of commitment to the supply of seaworthiness to ships in addition to cargo or passengers can lead to the identification of this requirement based on legal regulations. The burden of proof in this case could be based on proved fault in contrast with the liability for cargo or passengers. Finally, it is necessary to highlight the importance of identification of such liability for the carrier in maritime law due to the deterrent effect. To achieve the aim of this study, a descriptive method will be conducted in this paper analyzing the carrier liability from a new angle by considering the ship damage resulting from the violation of commitment to the supply of seaworthiness.

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) impose a heavy burden on individuals, organizations, and governments.Aim: The purpose of this study was to provide information about WMSDs and working posture. This information can be helpful in designing preventive programs.Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive-analytical study. 207 subjects participated in this study. For WMSDs investigation and postural assessment during work, Nordic Questionnaire and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method were used, respectively. Gathered data from research variables measurement analyzed using Chi-square test and descriptive statistics. A p value of equal or less than 0.05 took into account to be statistically significant.Results: The most prevalent work–related musculoskeletal disorder was found in lower back region, the percentage for large, medium and small ships staff was 58%, 61.7% and 45.1%, respectively. A significant relationship was found between WMSDs in neck (P=0.001), hands and wrists (P=0.02), back (P=0.04) and knees (P=0.001) and used ship by staff. A higher proportion of level four corrective action, was found in small ship staff.Conclusion: WMSDs are prevalent among staff of all ships. WMSDs are more prevalent in lower back. Also, immediate change in posture and investigation is more necessary in small ship staff.