S&P500 Index

One of the main concepts in finance is portfolio diversification and optimization. Typically, investors use the risk and return approach to diversify their portfolios. However, risk spillovers and market connectivity should also be considered when making investment decisions, especially during times of crisis. The TVP-VAR approach is used in this study to analyze risk spillovers and connectivity between the S&P 500 index, green bond, real estate, oil market, and dollar index in the USA from 2016 to July 2022. The TVP-VAR model is a time-varying model that may consider current political and economic circumstances. As a result, investors can choose wisely when it comes to their portfolios. According to comparisons with other markets, the S&P 500 index and the real estate market are the two most significant sources of volatility in the system. In fact, they not only transmit greater volatility, but they also take it in more. After 2020, there will likely be a significant increase in the volatility of the real estate market and the S&P 500 index due to the COVID-19 epidemic. Additionally, as anticipated, other markets have an impact on the green bond market. It does not, however, transmit them.