Sleep

Describing the abstract of the Soul in the words of rational and logical philosophers is the expression of ancient philosophy and the implementation of a new ontological view. Psychology, or inner epistemology, is constructed with a deep look at the spiritual aspects of the soul. The world of dreams has always been of special importance in the view of philosophers, as the manifestation of human thoughts and the soul outside the body. Psychology, especially from the contemporary view in the field of science, has a different perspective on understanding the inner dimensions of man. On the one hand, empirical psychiatry considers the dream of the unseen world to be connected with the bodily interactions of the brain, and on the other, the philosophical attitude of rationalists and imaginative philosophers signifies a different category. The essence of a dream can be explored and researched. The importance of the subject emerges when it deals with the type of dreams that are constructed in the human mind. The main issue is the development of dreams that a person goes through in the dream world and gives it carnal aspects. Is it a dream to depict everything that is seen in the material world? Is it possible to see non-sensations in the dream world? This article, which is written in an analytical-descriptive manner in addition to field research in the field of psychology, has been documented in addition to a questionnaire. The positive hopeful result is that the dream is nothing but the manifestation of external sensations in the dream world.

Introduction : Sleep deprivation is one of common phenomena in athletes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of arginine supplementation following sleep deprivation on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, balance and fatigue index in female athletic students. Methods: The study population included all undergraduate female students of Sport Sciences at Imam Khomeini International University (age: 22.2± 2.16 years, BMI: 230.15±2.59 kg/m<sup>2 ) of whom 8 volunteered took part in the research. All experiments were performed in laboratory of university in 2020. Subjects were classified into four groups: Control, Sleep deprivation, Arginine and Arginine-sleep deprivation. Lactometer was used to measure blood lactate. Best Balance device was used to measure balance and GAS Analyzer was used to measure metabolism. Data was analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Sleep deprivation significantly decreased static balance ( P =0.01) and dynamic balance ( P = 0.004) while arginine consumption resulted in improved static balance in sleep deprivation arginine group ( P =0.03). It was also shown that lactic acid levels were lower in the two groups that took arginine than in the groups that did not take arginine ( P ≤0.05). Conclusion: Arginine consumption can improve static and dynamic balance as well as mitigate side effects of sleep deprivation on static balance.

Background: Football players, in their pursuit of optimal physical and mental performance, frequently employ various recovery techniques. Among these, sleep emerges as a consistently highlighted and crucial element in athletes’ physical and cognitive performance.  Aim: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between sleep quality and mental toughness (MT), while concurrently exploring the relationship between MT and different football positions.Materials and Methods: A total of 473 Iranian football players, comprising 287 males and 186 females, were selected through a simple random sampling method by completing two questionnaires that assessed their sleep quality (PSQI) and MT (SMTQ-14).Results: The findings showed that athletes with higher subjective sleep quality and longer sleep duration demonstrated high levels of MT. Moreover, defenders and attackers exhibited the highest levels of MT compared to other playing positions. Notably, male football players reported higher sleep quality and MT compared to their female counterparts.Conclusion: This study focused on the relationship between sleep quality and MT among football players. The study revealed that both male and female football players with better sleep quality and longer sleep duration had higher MT, with males scoring higher overall. Moreover, defenders regardless of gender, exhibited the strongest MT.

Moral identity refers to those characteristics and attributes that play an important role in the formation of an individual’s identity. Indeed, the role performed by moral attributes in the evolution of a person’s identity is such that quite a few of today’s scholars maintain the oneness of the “self/psyche” and “moral character”. Adopting this approach, researchers have set out to produce a wide range of research works in the field of moral philosophy. The present study is an attempt to measure the effect of three components of ‘exercise’, ‘nutrition’, and ‘sleep’ on shaping moral character from Avicenna’s viewpoint. The findings of the present research illuminate the fact that the latter three elements have a direct influence on an individual’s temperament, whereby suitable grounds are created in which moral character develops. Avicenna holds that this statement may not challenge man’s will and authority. The reason is that every individual–by identifying his own physical coordinates and applying the most apt instructions–can approximate his temperament to moderation. As a result, the necessary ground for developing the most desirable moral character is created.