Liberal Democracy

The investigation of Habermas’s political ideas of philosophical perspective and measuring his philosophical principles ratio, which is the deliberative democracy, is a purpose of this study that will be followed. On the one hand, the importance of this issue is this that represents the new readings of democratic standards and on the other hand, consolidates one type of the democracy that has an epistemological distinction with the liberal democracy. Because of this, it is trying to analyze the philosophical foundations of Habermas, and the main components and standards of reinforcing ideas of deliberative democracy to be explained. The findings of present paper suggesting the political views and beliefs of this political philosopher that are arisen from his philosophical thought, has been based on the standards and teachings of communicative action, discourse ethics, rational consensus and public spheres; In addition, the theory of Habermas’ democracy with the discourse consensus has a relatively flexible capability to confront the globalization challenges and from one perspective tries to realize the real sovereignty of people over their own fate.

By withdrawing from Afghanistan, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War ended in the 1990s. Throughout that decade, western governments forgot the people of Afghanistan. But the 1998 attack on the U.S. interests in Africa and al-Qaeda attacks of the September 11, 2001 reintroduced the foreign aggression of the Western governments’ coalition against Afghanistan. In the late 2001, NATO countries led by the United States brought down the Taliban regime. Concomitantly, the UN conducted a conference in Bonn, Germany in which political and paramilitary groups agreed to form an inclusive government without presence of the Taliban. The Bonn Agreement contents show that most of its principles are based on the doctrine of Liberal Democracy. Accordingly, in most of the ratified articles of the Eighth Constitution of Afghanistan the doctrine of liberal democracy is reflected. In a country where many political regimes and systems were experienced, the effectiveness of Liberal Democracy doctrine was expected. Meanwhile, Liberal Democracy faced challenges and nation-state building development process witnessed deficiencies. The present paper uses systemic analysis of the liberal nation-state (system input, policy design, policy implementation, evaluation and outcome) to respond the research question. The question is, how have the nation-state building process and political development in Afghanistan been affected by the Bonn Agreement and liberal democracy doctrine? And has that led to the deficiencies in nation-state building and political development in the country? Hypothetically, nation-state building and political development in Afghanistan based on the Bonn Agreement suffered from deficiencies due to the following reasons: disregarding the historical-traditional contexts of Afghanistan, the weak presence of liberal democrats in power, disregard for the demands of the fragmented society, the continuation of nationalist policies, and the incorrect public-private divide in the liberal structure of democracy.

Introduction: Philosophers consider justice to be the moral virtue of society; That is, just as honesty, truthfulness and trustworthiness can be considered the virtues of individual ethics, justice is also the virtue of a society; Therefore, both morality and justice can be considered as the characteristics of an individual or society, especially justice has a special and distinct social aspect and is considered the society's morality. Justice is one of the concepts about which various theories have been proposed and people have presented various programs to realize it. Liberal democracy, which after the renaissance, religious reformism, and the enlightenment era, gradually opened its foothold in the theories of human sciences and historical developments, is the source of a kind of intellectual tradition known as humanism, and with this approach, it promotes a special discourse of justice. Considering this, the article was formed with the aim of investigating the concept of justice as a moral virtue of societies in the discourse of liberal democracy. Material & Methods: In this research, data collection was done in document-library form and data analysis was done with the "discourse analysis" method and based on the theoretical framework of " Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analysis". Conclusion: Theorizing about justice in the discourse of liberal democracy is influenced by the approach that places individual freedom, private property and humanism as the basis. The concept of justice in this discourse is based on ontological and epistemological foundations. Liberal democracy believes in instrumental rationality, absolute profit, individualism, welfare, individual inequality.