Managerial Entrenchment

Purpose: In the shadow of separation of the ownership from the control and the problem of representation arising from it in the modern business world, there is a need to pay attention to the CEOs' approaches toward takeover as decision makers in this area. Managerial entrenchment is considered as one of the consequences of separation of ownership from control that explains the difference between the incentives in the corporate management and causes a disturbance in internal control as a communication mechanism between the corporate's performance and the capital market. Paying attention to operant conditioning behavior like tournament incentives as a functional behavioral stimulus in CEOs reduces the profit-seeking attitudes among them and increases the effectiveness of the corporates' performance mechanisms in disclosing financial reporting. The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between the managerial entrenchment and the internal control weakness by operant conditioning behavior theory test. Design/methodology/approach: In this research, 95 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were evaluated between  2013 and 2018. Considering the duality of internal control assessment, logistic regression in SPSS software was used in this research. Findings: Results of the research showed that there is positive and significant relationship between the managerial entrenchment and the internal control weakness. But there is a negative and significant relationship between the tournament incentive and the internal control weakness. Moreover, it was found that the negative relationship between the managerial entrenchment and the corporates' internal control is mediated by the tournament incentive. Originality/value: Considering that little attention has been paid to motivational issues of the CEOs under the representation theory over the past few years, the present research attempts to investigate managerial entrenchment approach with the effectiveness of internal controls through analysis of the operant conditioning behavior theory to provide more reliable experimental results for the investors and the shareholders.

The development of knowledge and advancement in technology has created a wide-ranging transformation in societies and has led to changes in the per-formance of companies in order to respond to environmental turmoil and social expectations. In this way, they tried to gain a significant competitive advantage over other competitors. The purpose of this study was to investi-gate the moderating role of managerial fortification in relation to the impact of technology-based capabilities on the product market competition of knowledge-based companies in the capital market: a source-based capabili-ties (DEA). This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data envelopment analysis is a quasi-experimental and post-event research in the field of positive accounting research. Then, based on multivariate regression, the research hypothesis was tested using Eviews software. The statistical population studied in this study consisted of knowledge-based companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2015 to 2019 and 79 companies were selected and reviewed based on systematic screening. The result of testing the research hypothesis is that the technological capabilities have a positive and significant effect on the product market competition of knowledge-based companies in the capital market. This result demonstrates that the resource-based technology capability based on the source-based capabilities is seen as a resource against stagnation in a competitive environ-ment and helps the company, to maintain flexibility in the face of environ-mental change in order to respond faster, at the same time to develop the company's competitive capacity to create new resources or new and innova-tive products, and to make the company's future more attractive to stake-holders with greater returns and potential risk control.