Social space

Presently, half of world population lives in cities and in many countries such as Iran, most of people live in cities and metropolitans. The city evolution and new conditions in metropolitans are considered uncontrollable and it is believed that the future base of mankind forms in cities as Park points the city as the natural habitat of human in modern age. The urban population deals with various and somehow annoying problems as it can be said that most of social damages are appeared in cities. The urban management faces with difficult responsibility of controlling these damages. This paper attempts to study the citizen's social vulnerability in Tehran according to urban social space approach. Here, different views such as Chicago school, Dickens theory, Castells theory and social approaches such as Chicago school and social disorganization theory are applied. The paper is a survey and questionnaire is the tools of data collecting. The results showed the high rate of citizen vulnerability in relation with research variables such as self-alienation, rationalism, less emotional relationships, less social integration and more individualism.

This paper outlines ethnic segregation in urban social space using the standard model of the Chicago School and complements recent empirical observations. Poverty areas, in particular, are ethnically highly segregated, while ethnic segregation has generally been declining for years. Starting points of social work are the promotion of education, counselling and sponsorship models as well as the promotion of participation in local political processes. On the one hand, they can mitigate the negative effects of ethnic segregation and, on the other, promote social advancement in a sustainable manner.