توضیح چند اصطلاح در حوزه منسوجات در شعر شفروه اصفهانی و تکمیل و تصحیح فرهنگ های لغت (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تصحیح متون کهن ازسویی در تکمیل و تصحیح فرهنگ های لغت مؤثر است و ازسوی دیگر، توجه به برخی از عناصر تکرارشونده در این متون می تواند اساس تدوین فرهنگ های تخصصی باشد که یکی از نیازهای پژوهشگران است. یکی از این فرهنگ های تخصصی مورد نیاز، فرهنگ منسوجات است. در شعر شرف الدین شفروه اصفهانی، شاعر، نویسنده و واعظ قرن ششم هجری، اصطلاحاتی در حوزه منسوجات آمده است که تازگی هایی دارد و در فرهنگ های لغت فارسی دیده نمی شود. برخی از این اصطلاحات نیز شواهد کهنی را به مدخل های بی شاهد فرهنگ ها می افزاید. در این مقاله براساس نسخه های خطی دیوان شفروه، به تصحیح چند اصطلاح در شعر شفروه پرداخته و با توجه به عناصر درون متنی و منابع جنبی، این اصطلاحات توضیح داده شد. گذشته از اصطلاحات فارسی، برخی از این اصطلاحات از زبان عربی به شعر شفروه راه یافته است که شماری از آنها بن مایه های قرآنی دارد و برخی دیگر، از زبان ترکی که شفروه دست کم با واژگان این زبان در روزگار خود برخورد کرده و با آنها آشنا بوده است. برخی نیز در گذر زمان، تلفظشان فراموش شده و تحریف ها و تصحیف هایی در آنها راه یافته است و حتی از معنای اصلی خود دور شده اند.Explanation of Several Terms in the Field of Textiles in the Poetry of Shafarvah Isfahani and the Completion and Correction of Dictionaries
The correction of old texts is, on the one hand, effective in completing and correcting dictionaries, and on the other hand, paying attention to some repetitive elements in these texts can be the basis for compiling specialized dictionaries, which is one of the needs of researchers. One of the specialized dictionaries needed is that of textiles. In the poems of Sharaf al-din Shafarvah Isfahani, the poet, composer, and preacher of the 6th century A.H., there are terms in the field of textiles that are new and not found in Persian dictionaries. Some of these terms also add ancient evidence to the entries of dictionaries that lack citations. In this study, based on the manuscripts of Diwan Shafarvah, we have corrected some terms in Shafarvah's poetry and explained these terms considering the intratextual elements and ancillary sources. Apart from the Persian terms, some of these terms have entered Shafarvah's poetry from the Arabic language, with some having Quranic roots, while others come from the Turkish language, a language with which Shafarvah was familiar during his time. Over time, some of these terms have lost their pronunciation and even drifted away from their original meanings, leading to distortions and corruption in them.
Keywords: Divan Sharaf al-din Shafarvah Isfahani, Dictionary, Textiles.
Introduction
One of the recurring elements in the poetry of Sharaf al-Din Shafarvah is the result of the poet’s attention to various types of textiles, which also introduces novelties in the realm of language and figures of speech. The high frequency of the fabrics used in Shafarvah’s poetry and his precision in employing them indicate the poet’s familiarity with these types. In this study, with an emphasis on the poetic innovations of Shafarvah, the different types of fabrics in the poetry of this 6th-century poet are discussed. These types are explained with the help of ancient auxiliary sources. Investigating these types also corrects the mistakes and errors that have found their way into other texts, including dictionaries. Additionally, it should be noted that some of the fabrics mentioned in Shafarvah’s poetry are not found in famous Persian dictionaries, and sometimes there is no evidence for them, or the evidence is not ancient.
In this study, we aim to answer the following three research questions:
What role do the terms related to textiles in Shafarvah’s Divan play in completing the entries and evidence in Persian dictionaries?
Do they have a role in refining the definitions in these dictionaries? Is this a reciprocal role?
Did Shafarvah know these textiles from his own lived experience, having seen them in Isfahan during the 6th century, or are these terms from other languages and cultures that made their way into his poetry?
Materials and Methods
In this study, with a critical approach and with reference to manuscript sources, corrections were made to terminology in the field of textiles, and a more precise definition of them was provided. The focus of this research was on the manuscript sources of Shafarvah’s poetry, and in addition, ancillary sources were also utilized to resolve difficulties.
Research Findings
Paying attention to recurring elements in ancient texts allows the editor to resolve some of the difficulties in the text based on internal information. The mutual relationship between these texts and dictionaries is also instrumental in correcting certain errors and oversights, assisting in the correction and completion of both the text and the dictionaries. In this study, based on the poetry of Shafarvah, several terms in the field of clothing were explained. Considering this evidence, new entries (Lashkari: This is a garment that apparently was worn in battle, a military uniform; Moshahhar: A garment that has been sewn with an edge for ornamentation, and this edge has a color contrasting with the fabric; and Najmi: A type of garment that has star-like and clearly shiny patterns) were added to the dictionaries, and evidence for undocumented entries (Patabe: A thick fabric in the form of a wide strip that men would wrap around their lower legs from the bottom to just below the knee, multiple times, to keep their legs warm and maintain agility in their movements; Mojaddad: It is a fabric that has diverse lines and colors, and it is an adjective for textiles like tents, cloaks, and rugs with diverse lines and colors; Matraḥ: carpet, Me‘zar / Mayzar: loincloth) was provided.
Errors in some definitions (Torkani: A type of women’s coat, ’Adni: A type of garment attributed to ’Adn) in the dictionaries were corrected, and the true author of some verses, which had been mistakenly attributed to another poet, was identified. Shafarvah borrowed some of these terms from religious sources and Arabic texts, which are linked to his profession. Several of these terms, given that they appear in the poetry of contemporaneous poets from his city, must belong to types that were well-known in Isfahan during that era, and Shafarvah would have been familiar with them.
Discussion of Results and Conclusions
Research into ancient texts, especially those predating the 7th century AH that have not been published, and focusing on those texts while paying attention to their central and recurring elements, provides a means for the researcher to consider various elements. In the linguistic domain, these elements add new words and compounds to dictionaries. Ancient evidence is found for entries. Errors and omissions in dictionaries and other texts are corrected. In addition to linguistic findings, these studies have many anthropological values. Paying attention to intertextual and intercultural relations in these elements enables the researcher to achieve numerous linguistic and cultural results and has many ancillary benefits. A divan like that of Sharaf al-din Shafarvah Isfahani, a poet and preacher who lived in the 6th century AH, is one such text.
Shafarvah’s Divan has not yet been published, and the theses compiled about him are not very reliable and have many errors and omissions, including poems by several poets attributed to Shafarvah’s Divan, blatant historical errors, or errors and omissions in terms of meter, grammar, and vocabulary that have distanced it from what the poet composed. Therefore, these sources are practically unreliable sources for research about this poet. Sharaf al-din Shafarvah, while being a preacher, also engaged in poetry. Vernacular elements influenced by Sharaf al-din’s profession have found their way into the text of his Divan, and we see a manifestation of this in the various textiles present in his Divan. Furthermore, Shafarvah’s underlying religious thought and his deep familiarity with religious and interpretive texts have caused some of his terms in the field of textiles to have a religious infrastructure. The poet also knew some of these textiles through intercultural relations. On the other hand, Shafarvah’s relationships with the notables of Isfahan, Azarbaijan, and even beyond that, Damascus and the Levant, have introduced other elements in this field into the language and poetry of this poet. In this study, based on five copies of manuscript sources of Shufruwah’s Divan, the author has addressed the recognition and definition of some of these terms in the field of textiles.
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