جدایی گزینی فضایی کلانشهر مشهد و تحلیل مضمون طرح های تفصیلی پیشنهادی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
با افزایش روند شهرنشینی، مهاجرت و تشدید افتراق میان گروه های اجتماعی- اقتصادی شهری، پدیده جدایی گزینی شهری در بسیاری از کلانشهرها به مانعی قابل توجه در جهت دستیابی به جامعه شهری همبسته مبدل گشته است. این پدیده ارتباطات بین طبقاتی را به طور جدی مورد تهدید قرار داده به طوری که نمود آن در ساختار فضایی شهرها قابل رؤیت است. طرح های تفصیلی به عنوان اصلی ترین طرح ها و سیاست گذاری های شهری و مهم ترین اسناد تأثیرگذار بر توسعه و ساماندهی شهر، می تواند این پدیده را تعدیل یا تشدید نماید. هدف این پژوهش تحلیل مضمونِ طرح های تفصیلی حوزه هایی از کلانشهر مشهد است که با پدیده جدایی گزینی فضایی روبرو هستند. این پژوهش از نظر ماهیت، با به کارگیری روش آمیخته کمی- کیفی، در زمره تحقیقات ترکیبی قرار می گیرد. نتایج حاصل از نرم افزار تحلیلگر جدایی گزینی، شاخص موران عمومی و آنالیز لکه های داغ، براساس مؤلفه های سکونتی و به استناد داده های مرکز آمار ایران در سرشماری سال 95؛ شدت و تجمع پایگاه های پایین اجتماعی- اقتصادی را به طور خاص در حوزه های شرق شهر مشهد هویدا می سازد. این تحقیق با به کارگیری روش تحلیل مضمون در بررسی سیاست ها و برنامه های طرح های تفصیلی حوزه های مربوطه نشان می دهد: با اصلاح تیپ بندی گونه های سکونتی، بهبود سرانه خدمات غیرانتفاعی و افزایش پروژه های پیشران توسعه در این طرح ها می توان پدیده جدایی گزینی شهری در کلانشهر مشهد را تعدیل کرد.Spatial Segregation of Mashhad Metropolis and Thematic Analysis of Proposed Detailed Plans
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Increase in urbanization, migration, and differentiation between urban socio-economic groups has resulted in urban segregation in many metropolises. The phenomenon is now a significant obstacle to a united urban society. Urban segregation seriously threatens relations between strata. The issue is manifested in the spatial structure of cities. Detailed plans, as the crucial urban plans and policies and the most significant documents that influence the development and organization of the city, have the capability of moderating or intensifying this issue. As the second metropolis of Iran and due to internal and external migrations, Mashhad holds diverse ethnic, religious, and social groups and sources of income. The spatial structure of this city has manifested the segregation of socio-economic bases. Therefore, it is necessary to do a comprehensive and applied study to identify spatial segregation at this city as a metropolis, and to explore the high-level plans as the main sources of urban performance towards moderating or increasing the issue trend at the level of this metropolis. Such issue has not been investigated before. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the spatial segregation of Mashhad to see the status quo of spatial segregation in Mashhad, and to see what approach of detailed plans use in this city for moderating this phenomenon.
2. Method
This research used a mixed method. For exploring the extent and intensity of spatial segregation in Mashhad, considerations pertaining to quantitative method were applied. The statistical population consists of the entire physical area of Mashhad, divided into statistical blocks (20104 blocks) in the form of maps of the geographical information system and the households living in them (914145 households). The source was the information provided by Statistics Center of Iran in the 2016 census. Since there was not any suitable categorization of socio-economic data and related variables in this census, residential features were considered as the most significant manifestation of the differences of urban socio-economic groups. The variables were the area of residential units, the structure of the buildings, and the construction materials. Accordingly, through Geographical Information System (GIS), the analysis of data was done on the equality aspect, with multi-group indices of dissimilarity, spatial heterogeneity, Gini, entropy and deviation ellipse, and on the encounter aspect, with multi-group indices of normal encounter, relative diversity, and coefficient of variation square using segregation analyzer software, and on clustering aspect, with general Moran indices, and hot spot analysis. Then, to explain the policies and programs of the detailed plans of the target areas of spatial segregation in Mashhad metropolis, methodological considerations of qualitative method were used. Based on this, by using the method of thematic analysis, the total plans and programs of the detailed plans of the relevant areas were evaluated and analyzed to identify the policies that influence the modification or increase of the spatial segregation and Mashhad’s performance in the face of this phenomenon in future.
3. Results
This study revealed the intensity and concentration of low socio-economic strata, specifically in the eastern areas of Mashhad. It showed that the high intensity of segregation of areas. Moreover, exploring the detailed plans of these areas showed that such contrasting policies as residential typologies according to socio-economic factors that are inflexible specifying their boundaries will result in the shortage of non-profit services (educational, cultural, sports, etc.), lack of attention to such development tools as development driver projects in the low developed parts of these areas, and not joining of various strata and groups. It will probably result in the increase of urban segregation in this city.
4. Discussion and Conclusion
The results proved the existence of spatial segregation and the concentration of low socio-economic strata according to residential components in the east areas of Mashhad. Exploring the detailed plans of these areas revealed the presentation of some programs that can improve the economic and physical conditions, increase the efficiency and utilization of different uses, and improve intra and extra-area communications. These all build the main influential parts of spatial segregation. However, such conflicting policies as residential typologies based on socio-economic factors do not hold flexibility and their fixating with specific boundaries that came in the form of zones had led to the settlement of specific groups without letting the mixing of different strata. Moreover, lack of per capita non-profit provided services (educational, cultural, sports, etc.) resulted in lack of providing necessary infrastructure for socio-economic developments. The issue has yielded to the blockage of enhancing living standards, social justice, and sustainability of urban life in these plans. Moreover, not much attention has been paid to development such tools as development driver projects in the less developed parts of these areas. The issue that can create employment for people and cause the presence of different socio-economic strata in the areas. These factors have blocked the mixing of different strata and groups and will probably result in the increase of urban segregation in these areas. Considering the entire mentioned issues, this study emphasizes that adopting some policies can lead to absorb the population of different strata and to moderate urban segregation in Mashhad metropolis. The policies should aim mixing the residential typologies based on socio-economic factors, and provide the required services and propose development driver projects in the less developed parts of these area s of Mashhad.
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