شناسایی تهدیدات در حاکمیت شهرهای هوشمند با رویکرد TOE (نمونه موردی شهرداری مشهد) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
امروزه با توجه به جایگاه شهر مشهد در هوشمند سازی، ریسک ها و تهدیدات کلاسیک نمی توانند به عنوان تنها مخاطره در آن باشند و به دلیل ارتباط متقابل شبکه های مختلف شهری اختلال در یک بخش از سیستم همه بخش ها را متأثر می کند که این امر می تواند حاکمیت شهر را دشوار و مستعد دست کاری کند. هر چه پیچیدگی در شهرها افزایش می یابد لزوم توجه به مسائل مدیریت ریسک نیز زیاد می شود. پژوهش حاضر باهدف کاربردی و ماهیتی توصیفی -تحلیلی به شناسایی تهدیدات و ریسک های با میزان تأثیر و احتمال وقوع بالا در شهرداری مشهد پرداخته است. در این پژوهش با توجه به رویکرد مطالعه، بعد فناوری دارای 14 شاخص و 49 متغیر، بعد سازمان شامل 14 شاخص و 43 متغیر، بعد محیط زیست نیز متشکل از 10 شاخص و 41 متغیر مرتبط با ریسک ها می باشند. ابزار مورداستفاده برای جمع آوری داده ها پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بوده است. جامعه آماری[1] تحقیق 55 نفر از متخصصان و کارشناسان در حوزه موردمطالعه بر اساس دسترسی پذیری در شهرداری کلان شهر مشهد است. داده های گردآوری شده با استفاده از مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری و با نرم افزار آموس مورد ارزیابی و تجزیه وتحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته های پژوهش حاضر بر اساس رویکرد موردمطالعه نشان داد که مهم ترین ریسک ها و تهدیدهای فراروی حاکمیت شهری هوشمند در شهرداری مشهد از بین سه بعد موردمطالعه مرتبط با بعد سازمانی است. همچنین در بعد فناوری بیشترین میزان بار عاملی مربوط به تهدیدات، از جنبه میزان تأثیر و احتمال وقوع مرتبط باهوش مصنوعی (79/0)، نرم افزار (768/0)، حسگرها (767/0)، امنیت سایبری (761/0) و ابر داده ها (719/0) هست. ازلحاظ سازمانی نیز تراکنش الکترونیک (820/0)، محرمانگی (760/0)، ارتباط الکترونیک (753/0) و صحت اطلاعات (752/0) بالاترین درصد رادارند. در بین شاخص های ریسک بررسی شده برای محیط زیست شهری نیز اماکن عمومی (798/0)، انرژی (795/0)، ایمنی شهری (760/0) و آب و فاضلاب (684/0) دارای بیشترین تهدیدات در شهرداری مشهد می باشند.Identifying the Threats in Governing Smart Cities using TOE Approach (Case Study: Mashhad Municipality)
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Nowadays, due to the high position of Mashhad in smartening all related issues, the classic risks and threats are not the only dangers. As various urban networks are interconnected, disruption in one part of the system will affect all other parts, which can make governing the city difficult and in danger of disasters. As complexity increases in cities, the need to pay attention to risk management increases. Mashhad is considered the leading city in urban smartening in Iran. It holds a certificate of successful implementation of the key indicators of a sustainable smart city from the World Smart Sustainable Cities Organization (WeGO). Moreover, Mashhad Municipality faces huge challenges in technology, the external environment, and the ability of organize risks and hazards. Therefore, it is a must to identify the most significant risks in this regard. Using a descriptive analytical method, this applied study tried to identify threats and risks a high level of impact and probability of occurrence in Mashhad Municipality.
Method
Taking into account the approach, the technology dimension entails 14 indicators and 49 variables, the organization dimension has 14 indicators and 43 variables, and the environment dimension consists of 10 indicators and 41 variables related to risks. A researcher-made questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting the required data. The statistical population consists of 55 experts and specialists on the subject matter of this research, who were selected based on accessibility in the Mashhad’s municipality. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and AMOS software.
Results
The results revealed that the most significant risks that threat smart urban governance of Mashhad Municipality among the three studied dimensions have to do with the organization dimension. Regarding the technology dimension, the highest factor loads related to threats, in terms of the impact and probability of occurrence, is related to artificial intelligence (0.79), software (0.768), sensors (0.767), cyber security (0.761), and big data (0.719). Regarding organization, electronic transactions (0.820), confidentiality (0.760), electronic communication (0.753), and information accuracy (0.752) held the highest percentage. Among the risk indicators examined for the urban environment, public places (0.798), energy (0.795), urban safety (0.760), and wastewater (0.684) were identified as the most threats in the Mashhad Municipality.
Discussion and Conclusion
This study tried to identify the impact and probability of risks from several studies on the Iranian context and at the international on three dimensions of the approach (technology, organization, environment) through field study. The results showed that Mashhad Municipality faces several dangers and threats in all three dimensions of the approach this study (technology, organization, and environment). It showed that the existing plans for addressing these risks have many weaknesses, and it is necessary that the policies regarding the management of risks be implemented by the managers and officials of the municipality, especially the policies on to the organization dimension, which has the highest level of risk. Afrakhteh et al. (2021) had focused on evaluating the risks of the municipalities’ information technology sector through questionnaires completed by 751 municipalities of Iran. They concluded that safety, operational, strategic, and financial risks in the field of information technology of municipalities in Iran are the most important type of threats. The results of this study are in line with the results of the risks studied in the technology dimension of the Mashhad Municipality, which faces threats in terms of safety. Beiramizadeh and Mollahosseini (2019) conducted a study on the challenges of cyber security in smart cities. They emphasize that the field of smart city cyber security in Iran is in its infancy level and needs the efforts of governments and developers. The finding is true about the Mashhad Municipality, since the results showed that in the Mashhad Municipality, cyber security is also a threat with a high risk. Among the studies conducted on the international level, Ullah et al. (2021) analyzed the risk management in the governance of sustainable smart cities that have a technology, organization, and environment approach. They conducted a systematic review and showed that from among the 56 identified risks, 7 risks (38.7%) were technological risks, 11 organization risks consist 15.0% of the total, and 24 risks are related to the external environment. The results of the present study showed that the most risks are related to the organization dimension of Mashhad Municipality.
The results revealed that the most significant risks among the three dimensions (technology, organization, and urban environment) in Mashhad Municipality are related to the organization dimension and its risk indicators. The indicators related to the environment and technology are the second and third, respectively, in terms of threats and risks. The results on the impact and probability of risks in all three dimensions showed that the most risks in the technology sector, both in terms of impact and in terms of probability of occurrence, have to do with artificial intelligence and software, and the least impact and probability of occurrence are related to urban smart displays. Regarding the organization dimension, the highest level of impact and probability of risks belongs to the indicators of electronic transactions and confidentiality, and the least impact and probability belongs to flexibility in the organization. Regarding the urban environment dimension, the highest level belongs to public places and energy, and the lowest level of impact and probability of occurrence is related to the population density.
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