شگردهای دستوری و بلاغی فرهاد میرزا در منشآت در شش نامه حکومتی، سیاسی و شخصی
آرشیو
چکیده
مطالعه ساحت زبان با هدف فهم و کشف مفاهیم اجتماعی از مباحث قابل توجه است. بر اساس این رویکرد نظام مند و منسجمِ برآمده از زبان شناسی انتقادی و تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی، می توان در پی این بود که چگونه مفاهیم اجتماعی مانند ایدئولوژی، گفتمان های غالب، نظام های قدرت و مانند این ها از طریق زبان بیان می شوند در مراحل بعدی اساس شکل گیری آثار ادبی می گردند، و هم چنین به روش های گوناگون بر جهان خارج و جهان ذهنی مخاطبان تأثیر می گذارند. در این روش تحلیل زبانی و بلاغی نخست لایه های مختلف تشکیل دهنده متن استخراج می شوند، سپس با تحلیل انتقادی عناصر هر لایه می توان به ایدئولوژی مؤلف که اساس تشکیل دهنده متن است پی برد. فرهادمیرزا از برجسته ترین نویسندگان دوره قاجار و عهد ناصری است. منشآت او که به تقلید از منشآت قائم مقام و بر سیاق ترسل و منشآت نویسی دوره قاجار تحریر شده، از موفق ترین نمونه های نثر دوره ناصری برجسته ترین اثر نثر اوست. در این پژوهش با روش کیفی و کمّی عناصر زبانی و بلاغی شش نامه شخصی، سیاسی و حکومتی تحلیل شد. از نتایج این پژوهش این است که در نامه های با بافت سیاسی و خطاب به بزرگان از جملات مرکب، صناعات ادبی ای مانند تشبیه بلیغ، کنایه های غیرایما و معانی ثانویه استفاده شده، درحالی که در نامه های شخصی میزان صناعات ادبی اندک است، جملات غالباً ساده و بدون معنای ضمنی اند. درواقع در تمامی نامه های بررسی شده کاربرد پربسامد وجه اخباری، جملات معلوم و اسنادی بیانگر قاطعیت بالای متن و قدرت بالای نویسنده است.Grammatical and Rhetorical Techniques of Farhad Mirza in His Monsha’at: A Study of Six Official, Political, and Personal Letters
The examination of language with the goal of elucidating and exploring social constructs constitutes a crucial domain of scholarly inquiry. Drawing from a methodical and cohesive approach rooted in critical linguistics and critical discourse analysis, researchers can delve into how social concepts, such as ideology, prevalent discourses, power dynamics, and others, are conveyed through linguistic means. These concepts subsequently underpin literary creations, exerting influence over both the external realm and the internal perceptions of the audience through diverse modalities. In this analysis encompassing both linguistic and rhetorical dimensions, the constituent layers of the text are initially isolated. Subsequently, through a critical deconstruction of these elements, the underlying ideology of the author, serving as the fundamental pillar of the text, can be ascertained. A prominent figure of the Qajar era and the Naseri period, Farhad Mirza, a scion of the Qajar dynasty, emerges as one of the preeminent writers of his time. His work Monsha’at, crafted in emulation of Qaem Maqam’s Monsha’at and adhering to the epistolary conventions of the Qajar epoch, stands out as a distinguished exemplar of Naseri prose and represents his magnum opus. This investigation employs qualitative and quantitative methodologies to scrutinize the linguistic and rhetorical components within six personal, political, and official correspondences. The analysis reveals that missives imbued with political undertones or directed towards dignitaries feature intricate sentence structures and employ rhetorical devices such as vivid similes, nuanced metaphors, and subtextual meanings. Conversely, personal letters exhibit a paucity of rhetorical ornamentation, characterized by straightforward sentences devoid of implicit connotations. Across all the scrutinized letters, a prevalent use of the indicative mood, active voice, and copulative sentences denotes a pronounced sense of assertiveness in the text, reflective of the author's formidable authority
Introduction
Based on the science of rhetoric, researchers with an awareness of the ideology of content often consider rhetorical devices to be a function of the content of the text, which is effective in better representing the facts. In order to strengthen justification, argumentation, and persuasion of his audience with the help of rhetorical devices, the ideologist writer inserts his secondary intentions into the text in the form of exaggeration, exaggeration, contempt, irony, and other literary devices. Also, the linguistic analysis of a text, such as examining the type of sentences, the structure and aspect of verbs, and whether they are known or unknown, can be indicative and indicative of the ideological attitude of the author. By examining the rhetorical and linguistic devices of any text, it is possible to determine and analyze the degree of unmarked or markedness of the phrases, the author's style, the type of his ideological or non-ideological viewpoint, or even the extent of the author's involvement in each text or his neutrality.
Farhad Mirza Motamed al-Dowle, the son of Abbas Mirza, left behind a variety of works such as Monshaat, Sharh-e-Haal,… . Farhad Mirza had different and important experiences in political positions; his Menshaat and biography can reflect first-hand information about the ideology and power flow prevailing in his time. Among these works, his Book of Menshaat includes writings or letters whose audience in the Nasrid era was often dependent on the monarchy or government officials.
Literature Review
No scientific research has been conducted on the origins of Farhad Mirza, especially the study of its linguistic and rhetorical elements. Only Jabbari Manjili (2017) has introduced Farhad Mirza and his work, his origins and his vocabulary in the dictionary and composition of the book Monshaat Farhad Mirza Motamed al-Dowle, and has concluded that Farhad Mirza in his origins, in addition to writing in simplified Persian, also tried to write in full Persian. Other research has mainly focused on the rhetorical and linguistic study of the works in the field of critical stylistics. For example, Mirza Mohammadnia (2019) has analyzed Shamloo’s poems in the article “Critical Stylistics of Shamloo’s Poetry: Study of the Rhetorical and Pragmatic Layers.” In this research, one of Shamloo’s stylistic features, which is his norm-breaking view of mythology, has been studied under the pragmatic layer. In the rhetorical layer, in addition to studying literary crafts, two characteristics of archaism and repetition, which are related to the system of domination and power, have been studied. In his article “Layered Stylistics: A Contextual Description and Explanation of the Style of Ghazali’s Letter No. 1 in the Two Layers of Vocabulary and Rhetoric,” Dorpar (2014) analyzed the text into smaller layers, considering the situational context as the macro-layer, and by examining the literary arts of the text along with the codes, he paid attention to discovering the hidden ideology in the text of the letters. In his article “Meanings of Syntax, the Basis of Rhetoric in Siral-ul-Muluk of Nizam-ul-Molk,” Zaman Vaziri (2019) examines the layers of semantics in chapters thirty-nine and forty of Siral-ul-Muluk of Nizam-ul-Molk to show the effectiveness of this art in terms of the author’s intention in producing the text.
Methodology
The works of Farhad Mirza Qajar are thematically categorized into three forms, and this study examines six letters from these three categories. Among the political-governmental letters, letter number three, namely "Letter to Farmanfarma Fereydun Mirza " and letter number seventeen, namely "A Petition to Nasir al-Din Shah in Khorasan in Response to His Letter", among the letters to the nobles, letter number five, namely "A Letter to Ahmad Khan Khalaf, the Successor of the Late Abdul Hussein Khan in Isfahan" and letter number twelve, namely "A Letter to Mirza Mahmud Mullabashi Tasuji", and finally, among the personal letters, letter number twenty-five, namely "A Letter to the Nawab of the Royal Court" and letter number thirty-eight, namely "A Letter to One of the Nobles" have been selected and examined.
Discussion
Farhad Mirza always reminds us of his loyalty to this dynasty, whether in letters to the Shah and important people of the country or to friends and relatives, and if he criticizes something, he is careful not to damage the Shah's sanctity and dignity. These can be seen in components such as the use of news sentences, definite sentences, and attribution structures at a high frequency. In examining letters with different contexts, it was found that letters with a political context or addressed to elders have more technical prose; therefore, literary devices such as eloquent similes with intellectual aspects are seen in political letters with 35% and in letters from elders with 39%, non-verbal allusions in political letters with 42% and in letters from elders with 41%, metaphor and discrimination in political letters with 47% and in letters from elders with 32%. Also, this frequency of using rhetorical devices is in harmony with the use of compound sentences, definite constructions, and the declarative mood. In general, in all letters, the high frequency of definite verbs, the declarative mood, and attributive verbs indicates the speaker's certainty. Also, in letters of elders and political letters, unlike personal letters, the frequency of compound sentences is high, and in other words, most sentences in this type of text have implicit meanings such as reprimand, punishment, humiliation, reverence, and honor, etc.; while in personal letters, due to the intimate relationship between the addressee and the writer, the frequency of using simple sentences without implicit meanings is very high.
Conclusion
Finally, it should be noted that Farhad Mirza, considering the traditional mentality of the Qajar rulers, could not criticize the wrong approaches and harmful actions of the kings without considering his lineage to this dynasty. Therefore, it can be noted that he criticized by using rhetorical and linguistic devices in implicit and implied meanings in the hidden layers of the text. In other words, Farhad Mirza, by using adverbial and definite sentences along with implicit meanings with positive semantic load, always reminds of his devotion and loyalty to the king's reign; on the other hand, the use of secondary meanings in interrogative sentences expresses his complaint and criticism of some social issues such as drug use in the province or the lack of budget for the urban administration. The extensive use of literary devices such as simile, metaphor, and irony has caused his speech as a ruler and writer to have an impact on the audience. Also, the author emphasizes the great power and decisiveness of his words by using the declarative mood and the limited use of the imperative and subjunctive moods alongside definite and indicative sentences.
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