تداولية الأفعال الكلامية في ضوء تصنيف جون سيرل شعر الطغرائي نموذجا (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تعالج الدراسه شعر الطغرائی فی سیاق استثمار التداولیه، باعتبارها أهم الآلیات الفعاله فی الدراسات اللسانیه، متناولهً أهم رکیزتها المتمثله بالأفعال الکلامیه. ولأفعال الأقوال سمه بارزه فی إبانه المعانی العمیقه والمقصوده بعد إسنادها القضوی وکشف محتواها وما یزعمه المتکلم فی إنجاز أفعالها الکلامیه وإنتاج رسائل شتّى. ومن ثمّه رکّز البحث على نظریه الأفعال الکلامیه مفهومها نظریا، وانخرط فی تبیین وتطبیق ما صنّفه سیرل فی أنواعه الخمسه من الإخباریات، والطلبیات، والالتزامیات، والإفصاحات والتصریحیات، عبر استقصاء الشواهد الشعریه للشاعر الطغرائی والوقوف عندها، باختیار باقه منها عرضاً وتحلیلا على وفق رؤیه سیرل، استعانه بالمنهج التداولی للأفعال الکلامیه. وقد تمسکت التداولیه بتحلیل مختلف الخطابات، وسعت إلى عرض تفسیر دقیق صائب لعملیه التخاطب، إثر إخفاق الاتجاه البنیوی على هذا الصعید، وتحوّلت دراستها للغه انطلاقا لدراسه الخطاب وعناصره الخارجیه المحدقه به من زمکنه التخاطب والثنائیه القائمه بین المتکلم والمخاطب، ترکیزًا على بیان مقاصد المتکلم والرساله المرسَله للمخاطب. ووصل البحث إلى نتائج، أهمها: تأتی الإخباریات للإرشاد والتقریر لما تجشّمه الشاعر والأجواء النفسیه التی ألمَّت به، وطرح رؤاه ومشاعره المکبوته، وشعوره بالغربه الاجتماعیه؛ والطلبیّات لغرض التعجیز، والتحضیض، والالتماس، وغیرها؛ والالتزامیات للانفراج عن الکرب، والوفاء، والأمانه، والمواساه، ونیل الکرامه، والحریه مستقبلا؛ والإفصاحیات لتهنئته الشخصیات وتعزیتهم؛ والتصریحیات لوحدانیه اللّٰه دون غیره، ولعذاب النفس فی الهوى، ولحلول الشیب ووداع الشباب. وتبین أن الشاعر استعان فی إنجاز أفعاله الکلامیه بوسائل مختلفه کالبراهین، وتنوع صیغ أفعال الأقوال، والمستوى الإیقاعی استعانه بالتکرار، والعاطفه القویه بمنزله قوه تأثیریه ما تنمّ على صدق الشاعر وإخلاصه فی تجربته الشعریه، وصولا إلى بیان الفکره وإقناع المتلقی، وأخیرا، رأینا أن الإخباریات والطلبیّات والتعبیریات أکثر شیوعًا وتناولا فی شعر الطغرائی؛ إذ إنها تفصح عن أفکاره ورؤاه ونوازعه النفسیه، وتلیها الالتزامیات والإعلانیات.Enhancing Simultaneous Interpretation Skills between Arabic and Persian: A Case Study of the "Summarization" Skill
Pragmatics is a new approach in modern linguistic studies that emerged and developed in the 1970s. It was initiated by philosopher J.L. Austin and further developed by his student John Searle. Pragmatics focuses on speech, performance, and speakers' intentions by studying language and how speakers comprehend it. It combines syntax, semantics, and context, aiming to provide an explanation of the communication process, moving beyond structural analysis to studying discourse and its external elements such as time, place, speaker, and addressee. Pragmatics is a rich linguistic discipline that has introduced many new ideas, concepts, and perspectives, supported by its connection with other fields such as logic, semiotics, and sociology. Pragmatics is concerned with analyzing various discourses and explaining the communication process to reveal the speaker's intentions and the meaning they wish to convey to the audience.
The study aims to highlight the role of speech acts in the poetry of Al-Tughrai, analyzing his poetic discourse to uncover his intentions and examining the communicative function of sentences in his texts within Searle’s classification of speech acts. The study exploits these analytical tools to find the overall structure of Al-Tughrai’s poems and also highlights the poet's objectives in influencing the reader and revealing the true meaning of the speaker's statements. The study applies these ideas to a poetic corpus, showcasing the poet's ability to utilize pragmatic sentences, and focuses on understanding each sentence within the text and its relationship to other sentences, eventually uncovering the major semantic structure of his poetry. The research reveals the structural features and shows how speech acts, one of the most prevalent linguistic phenomena in texts, significantly contribute to the coherence and cohesion of the text.
The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology based on pragmatics, especially in light of Searle’s classification, using statistics to uncover the pragmatic functions of sentences in Al-Tughrai’s poetry. It analyzes his speech acts to highlight how they are employed to achieve his literary and artistic goals through the analysis of selected texts and the poet’s techniques in utilizing speech acts.
The study stands out by addressing a poet not previously explored from a pragmatic perspective in light of Searle’s view, and it focuses on presenting diverse examples according to Searle’s five classifications: assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. It analyzes their speech acts, emphasizing the speaker's intentions and uncovering his meanings based on the context and circumstantial clues. Assertives aim to describe a specific event, marked by the possibility of truth or falsehood. Directives aim to compel the addressee to perform a certain action. Commissives commit the speaker to future action, expressives reveal a psychological state, and declarations seek to bring about a change in the external world.
The study reveals that the poet uses a complex poetic structure with intensive use of speech acts and advanced rhetorical techniques that contribute to conveying his messages effectively, giving his poetry a distinctive pragmatic character. The impact of speech acts in Al-Tughrai’s poetry is evident through text analysis and uncovering the internal relationships between the lines. The poet demonstrates an exceptional ability to employ speech acts to create multiple effects on the reader, reflecting his deep understanding of pragmatics and its application in literature. Additionally, the poet’s personal experiences and emotions are mirrored in his poetry, lending it a realistic and humanistic quality that expresses human emotions and concerns.
The study concludes that speech acts in Al-Tughrai’s poetry contribute to clarifying the meaning of the text and highlighting the poet’s intentions. For instance, assertives are used for guidance, advice, wisdom, and reporting the poet’s internal turmoil, psychological distress, pain, and unfulfilled ambitions. Directives are employed to change the behavior of the addressee, such as challenges, urging action, or making requests. Commissives reflect the poet’s capacity to fulfill promises, such as relieving distress, demonstrating loyalty and trust, and sharing wealth or aspirations of honor and freedom. Expressives convey the poet’s psychological states, such as congratulations, condolences, optimism for forgiveness, and social or psychological issues. Declarations are reflected in acts that change the external world, such as responding to lessons and admonitions, the oneness of God, the torment of love, the pains of the soul, the onset of old age, farewells to youth, acknowledgment, and denial. The poet used various means to accomplish his speech acts, including arguments, varied sentence forms, rhythmic structures, repetition, and strong emotions, as a powerful persuasive force, reflecting the poet's sincerity in his poetic experience and achieving the intended message.
Assertives, directives, and expressives are the most common in Al-Tughrai’s poetry, revealing his ideas and psychological insights. Finally, the study provides a theoretical and methodological framework that can be adapted for analyzing other literary texts, contributing to the advancement of linguistic and literary studies in general.
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