قواعد و چالش های نظری مؤثر بر مداخلات مرمتِ سازه ای میراث معماری (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مداخلات مرتبط با حفاظت ومرمتِ سازه ای میراث معماری به دلیل هدف قرار دادن توأمان حفاظت از جان انسان ها و حفظ دارایی فرهنگی می توانند پی آمدهای متفاوت و گسترده تری را متوجه اثر تاریخی و کاربران آن نمایند. ازاین رو چگونگی طراحی و اجرای اصولی اقدامات مداخلاتی مذکور مبتنی بر مبانی نظری شفاف و قابل کاربرد ضرورت می یابد؛ اما به نظر می رسد که وجود سطحی از کلی نگری به مباحث نظری و عدم شفافیت درنحوه ارزیابی برخی اصول، باعث سردرگمی مرمّتگران سازه درزمینه ایجاد اتصال مناسب میان مباحث نظری و مداخلات اجرایی شده است. ازاین جهت، پژوهش به دنبال یافتن قواعد راهنما به منظور ارزیابی و اتخاذ رویکردهای مناسب در روند طراحی و اجرای راهکارهای مداخلاتی و همچنین چالش های فراروی کاربست مناسب آن ها در ارتباط با مداخلات مرمتِ سازه ای در میراث معماری، رهنمودهای مکتوب صاحب نظران این حوزه را مورد بررسی قرار داده است. پژوهش از گونه کاربردی است و رویکرد کیفی را دنبال می کند. داده های مورد نیاز ازطریق مطالعات کتابخانه ای به دست آمده و تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات برمبنای تحلیل محتوای منابع مکتوب حاصل شده است. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش در قالب دو دسته قواعد راهنمای حفاظتی و فنّی (18 مورد) درراستای جهت گیری مناسب مداخلات مرمتِ سازه، چالش های کاربرد این قواعد نظری و راه کارهای برون رفت از این چالش ها ارائه شده است.Theoretical guidelines and challenges affecting the interventions of structural restoration in architectural heritage
Interventions related to the structural restoration of architectural heritage, which aim to both protect human lives and preserve cultural property, can create more and broader risks compared to other types of restorative interventions for continuity of the historic buildings and the safety of their users. Therefore, designing and implementing structural interventions based on clear and applicable theoretical foundations becomes necessary. However, it seems that the existence of a level of overview of theoretical issues and a lack of clarity in the understanding and applying guiding principles have confused the restorers and structural engineers. This confusion complicates etablishemnt of a proper connection between the theoretical topics and practical interventions. From this point of view, the research has investigated the written recommendations of the experts in this field in order to find applicable guidelines and recognize the challenges facing their proper application in connection with structural interventions of architectural heritage. The experts selected for this study have an international reputation in related fields, practical experience and have authored Authentic written research on this topic. The research is applied in terms of purpose and follows a qualitative approach. The required data was obtained through library studies relying on the written sources of selected experts, and the data analysis has been done based on the content analysis of these sources and with the help of the software analysis technique with MaxQDA software. The research results include a) conservative and technical guidelines related to the proper orientation of structural interventions, b) the challenges of applying these theoretical guidelines and c) solutions to overcome these challenges. Conservation guidelines include conservation of values, maximum conservation of authenticity, compatibility of materials and techniques, conservation of structural integrity, compliance with conservation goals, balance of attitude, degree of similarity of action, distinctiveness of action, minimum possible intervention and relative reversibility of action. Technical guidelines can also be divided into key aspects: adaptability to the status qua, structural efficiency, feasibility, controllability, maintainability, durability of intervention and the final outcome measurement of the action. Also, the challenges facing the application of these guidelines are divided into three categories: 1) challenges affected by the contradiction between the philosophy of conservation and the requirements related to the safety level, 2) internal conflicts between some of the conservative guidelines and 3) the challenges caused by the impact of some external issues such as financial resources on interventions. To overcome these challenges proper structural restoration should be presented with attention to points such as the need to review and establish specific standards and risk levels for historical structures, perform accurate and combined diagnostic studies before deciding, exercising humility in choosing less destructive modern solutions with greater reversibility, using an incremental approach to determine the minimum possible intervention, applying lower levels of reliability and considering parallel arrangements to minimize the possibility of structural failure and use sustainable financial resources without applying external pressures.
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