نقاشی به مثابه آیینه آرزوها: تحلیل تفاوت آرزوهای کودکان در بستر نابرابری های اجتماعی
آرشیو
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تفاوت آرزوهای کودکان در مناطق برخوردار و کم برخوردار شهر مشهد، براساس تحلیل نقاشی های آنان انجام شده است. در این مطالعه که بر روی 849 دانش آموز پسر و دختر بین سنین هفت تا دوازده سال صورت گرفت، نقاشی های کودکان به عنوان ابزاری برای شناسایی و تحلیل آرزوهای مادی، معنوی، شغلی و خیالی استفاده می شود. نتایج نشان داد که آرزوهای مادی کودکان مناطق کم برخوردار عمدتاً شامل نیازهای اولیه و اساسی است، درحالی که کودکان مناطق برخوردار آرزوهایی بلندپروازانه تر و پیچیده تری دارند. همچنین، آرزوهای معنوی در کودکان کم برخوردار فراوانی بیشتری داشته و مرتبط با شرایط اجتماعی و اقتصادی خانواده هایشان است. در مقابل، آرزوهای شغلی سطح بالا و آرزوهای خیالی عمدتاً در میان کودکان مناطق برخوردار مشاهده شد. یافته ها حاکی از تأثیر مستقیم نابرابری های اجتماعی - اقتصادی بر شکل گیری آرزوهای کودکان است. این پژوهش نشان می دهد که نقاشی کودکان می تواند به عنوان ابزاری قدرتمند برای درک عمیق تر از تأثیرات محیط اجتماعی بر انتظارات و آرزوهای آنان استفاده شود.Drawing as a Mirror of Aspirations: Analyzing the Differences in Children's Aspirations within the Context of Social Inequalities
Objective: Aspirations, as the motivations and future goals of individuals, play a vital role in shaping behavior and fostering progress. Aspirations can either be intrinsic, stemming from personal needs, or shaped by cultural and social factors. Since aspirations begin to form during childhood and are influenced by one's awareness of abilities and opportunities, social class and economic status have been recognized as crucial factors in determining the level of aspirations. Research indicates that higher social classes nurture higher-level aspirations in their children, highlighting the significant impact of social inequalities on the development of children's aspirations. These disparities act as a determinant of the fundamental differences in their goals and expectations. One effective and multidimensional approach to understanding children's aspirations is the analysis of their drawings. Drawing, as a non-verbal expressive tool, reflects children's social and cultural environments and conveys what they cannot articulate verbally. This study aimed to explore the differences in the aspirations of children from advantaged and disadvantaged areas in the city of Mashhad through the analysis of their drawings.The research was conducted on 849 elementary school students (boys and girls) aged 7 to 12 years, and their drawings were analyzed across both social classes to examine the influence of social and economic inequalities on the nature and type of children's aspirations. Children's drawings were used as a means to identify and analyze their material, spiritual, occupational, and imaginary aspirations. Given the significance of the subject and the profound effects of social inequality on the formation of children's aspirations, this study sought to answer four key questions:Are there significant differences in material aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?Are there significant differences in spiritual aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?Are there significant differences in occupational aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?Are there significant differences in imaginary aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?To address these questions, the study employed a causal-comparative approach, using children's drawings as a multidisciplinary tool to uncover and analyze their aspirations. The matching method was used to control confounding variables. Two variables, school grade and gender, were considered for matching the comparison groups to minimize differences caused by these factors. This method ensures that observed differences in aspirations are attributable solely to social class while controlling for other influencing factors.Results: The findings revealed that high-level material aspirations (e.g., palaces and luxury cars) represent the upper-class children's perspective on material and social resources, while low-level material aspirations (e.g., food and housing rent) in lower-class children reflect the impact of economic hardships on their aspirations. These differences highlight unequal access to resources and distinct life perspectives between the two groups. Lower-class children's greater focus on spiritual aspirations reflects social inequalities, steering them toward altruistic and spiritual goals. They appear to view spirituality as a means to escape daily challenges and attain inner peace. Differences in occupational aspirations between upper- and lower-class children underscore the critical role of access to education and cultural resources in shaping career goals. Upper-class children, exposed to more complex and ambitious occupations, naturally gravitate toward such aspirations. In contrast, lower-class children facing economic challenges opt for more attainable occupations. The findings also show that imaginary aspirations exist solely among upper-class children, as lower-class children shape their aspirations based on tangible, everyday realities. The absence of imaginary aspirations in lower-class children may indicate cognitive and mental limitations caused by harsh social and economic conditions. Conversely, upper-class children, with greater access to media and imaginative entertainment, engage more with imaginary aspirations. These differences underline the influence of economic status on the ability and inclination to imagine and escape reality.Conclusions: This study, which analyzed children's drawings to investigate differences in aspirations across upper and lower social classes, demonstrated that social and economic inequalities have a direct and significant impact on the formation of children's aspirations. Children's aspirations differ not only in level and type but also in content and quality between these two social groups. The findings align well with several theories, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Hyman's reference group theory, the achievement motivation theory, and Bandura's observational learning theory. These theories explicitly explain the social and economic influences on the development of aspirations, showing how social inequalities alter the level, type, and content of children's aspirations. Furthermore, the results are consistent with previous research on the impact of social and economic disparities on children's aspirations. This study lies at the intersection of developmental psychology, the sociology of childhood, and social inequality studies, adopting an interdisciplinary approach to explore various dimensions of children's aspirations in diverse societies.Keywords:Painting Analysis, Children's Aspirations, Social Inequality.
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