بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه اقتصاد دانش بنیان در ایران
آرشیو
چکیده
در دهه گذشته، تلاش های زیادی برای گسترش کسب وکارهای نوآورانه در بخش های مختلف اقتصادی صورت گرفته است؛ با وجود این، هنوز سهم حوزه دانش بنیان از اقتصاد کشور بسیار اندک است. در این میان، بخش کشاورزی، فناوری زیستی و صنایع غذایی، به طور نسبی، کمترین سهم را به خود اختصاص داده است. سازمان جهانی مالکیت فکری (WIPO)، سالانه با به کارگیری طیف وسیعی از شاخص های مرتبط با نوآوری، عملکرد کشورهای مختلف را در قالب شاخص جهانی نوآوری (GII) بررسی می کند. این شاخص به سیاست گذاران و تصمیم گیران کمک می کند تا به درکی روشن از چگونگی روند فعالیت های نوآورانه و اثرات آن بر رشد و توسعه اقتصادی برسند. هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی سهم عوامل تشکیل دهنده این شاخص شامل عوامل نهادی، سرمایه انسانی و پژوهش، زیرساخت ها، پیچیدگی بازار، پیچیدگی کسب وکار، تولید دانش و فناوری و محصولات نوآورانه در ایران و بررسی نقاط ضعف و قوت کشور در زیر شاخص های مختلف شامل داده های حاصل از شاخص جهانی نوآوری بود. در تحقیق حاضر، با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و بر پایه داده های حاصل از شاخص جهانی نوآوری، تحلیل و مقایسه وضعیت ایران در شاخص ها و زیرشاخص های مختلف صورت گرفت؛ و بر اساس نتایج این شاخص برای سال 2021، در میان 132 کشور بررسی شده، ایران در رتبه ضعیف «شصت» قرار داشت. بررسی عوامل محدودکننده نوآوری در ایران در مقایسه با کشورهای پیشرو نشان داد که رتبه بسیار پایین ایران در شاخص نهادها و پیچیدگی کسب وکارها و رتبه پایین در پیچیدگی بازارها عوامل اصلی محدودکننده نوآوری و اقتصاد دانش بنیان در ایران به شمار می آیند؛ در مقابل، سرمایه انسانی و توان پژوهشی از نقاط قوت کشور است. به دیگر سخن، نقاط قوت کشور، به ترتیب، تولید دانش، محصولات نوآورانه و سرمایه انسانی بوده، در حالی که عوامل نهادی، پیشرفتگی کسب وکار، پیشرفتگی بازار و زیرساخت ها، به ترتیب، به عنوان گلوگاه های محدودکننده اقتصاد نوآوری عمل کرده اند.Factors Affecting the Development of Knowledge-Based Economy in Iran
Introduction: In the last decade, many efforts have been made to expand innovative businesses in various economic sectors in Iran. Despite this fact, the share of the knowledge-based sector in the national economy is still insignificant. In the meantime, the agriculture, biotechnology and food industry sectors have a relatively more limited share. According to the available statistics, there are about 7,000 certified knowledge-based firms in the country, many of which are known as start-ups and have not had a significant impact on Iran's economy, while innovation and technology driven sector has become the engine of global economic growth. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) annually evaluates the performance of different countries in the form of the Global Innovation Index (GII) using a wide range of the indicators related to innovation. This index helps policy makers and decision makers to gain a clear understanding of how the process of innovative activities and its effects on economic growth and development. The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of the factors that constituted this index, including institutional factors, human capital and research, infrastructure, market complexity, business complexity, knowledge creation and creative products in Iran.Materials and Methods: The approach of GII was applied to investigate the factors affecting the development of the knowledge-based economy in Iran. The necessary data and information were obtained from the website of WIPO in 2021. The Global Innovation Index (GII) consists of two main components, includingInnovation Input Sub-Index and Innovation Output Sub-Index, with seven key sub-indices of "Institutes and Institutions", "Human Capital and Research", "Infrastructure", "Market Complexity", "Business Complexity", "Knowledge and Technology" and "Creative Outputs".Results and Discussion: Based on the results of the GII for 2021, Iran achieved a ranking of 60th out of the 132 countries that were surveyed. An analysis of the factors constraining innovation in Iran, as compared to leading nations, revealed that Iran's position was significantly hindered by its low placement in key categories; specifically, it was notably low in the indexes of institutes and institutions and business complexity, and it also fared poorly in the market complexity. These particular aspects emerged as the primary obstacles curbing innovation and impeding the growth of a knowledge-based economy within Iran. Conversely, Iran demonstrated considerable strengths in terms of human and research capital. To elaborate, the country excels in areas such as the generation of knowledge, the development of inventive products, and the training of a skilled human workforce. These facets collectively underscored Iran's prowess within the knowledge-based sector. However, a distinct picture emerges when assessing the limitations. Institutional factors, the expansion of businesses, the progress of markets, and the development of essential infrastructure were identified as the pivotal bottlenecks constraining the advancement of an innovation-driven economy. In essence, while Iran possesses commendable strengths in its knowledge-oriented endeavors, it grapples with systemic challenges in fostering an environment conducive to broader innovation and economic growth.Conclusions: Based on the study findings, it is evident that the political, economic, and legislative institutions have thus far been unable to establish a consistent and conducive environment for the advancement of innovation and the growth of knowledge-based enterprises. Consequently, rather than relying solely on optimistic aspirations and anticipating miraculous outcomes from innovation and creativity, it becomes imperative for the nation to prioritize a thorough reassessment, adjustment, and modernization of these institutions in alignment with effective global paradigms.
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