چارچوب مفهومی برای تحلیل هوشمندی در فضاهای عمومی سکونتگاه های غیررسمی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مفاهیم هوشمندی و غیر رسمیت به عنوان دو مفهوم و عملکرد متضاد در مباحث شهری به نظر می رسند. بااین حال، ممکن است مفاهیم مذکور بیش از تفاوت، به یکدیگر شبیه باشند. به عنوان مثال، توسعه سکونتگاه های غیررسمی و فضاهای عمومی در آن ها از الگوهای خودسازمان دهی و روزانه پیروی می کند، و این مشابه آن چیزی است که در توسعه های هوشمند نیز یافت می شود. هوشمندی در سیر تکامل خود در نسل سوم تعاریف و مؤلفه ها به سر می برد که تأکید بیشتری را علاوه بر فناوری و رفاه (موجود در نسل اول و دوم) بر دغدغه های اجتماعی می گذارد که به نظر می رسد شباهت هایی با شیوه زندگی در سکونتگاه های غیررسمی دارد. بنابراین، هدف این پژوهش، در نظر گرفتن فرصت مفهوم سازی مجددِ هوشمندی از طریق ارجاع به فضاهای عمومی در سکونتگاه های غیررسمی بر مبنای رویکرد تفسیری و با بهره گیری از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی جهت دار می باشد که گردآوری داده ها نیز مبتنی بر روش کتابخانه ای و مطالعه اسنادی است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که مفهوم هوشمندی در فضاهای عمومی سکونتگاه های غیررسمی با مؤلفه های انعطاف پذیری، تکثر اجتماعی و قومی، کارآفرینی، خلاقیت و نوآوری، تحرک و پویایی (پیشروی آرام)، شفافیت، مشارکت، سرمایه اجتماعی، انسجام و وحدت اجتماعی، جوامع محلی فعال، عملکرد پایین به بالا، آگاهی جمعی، اعتماد اجتماعی، سامانه ها و شبکه های حمایتگر، قدرت اجتماعی و حس تعلق بازشناسی می گردد.Conceptual framework for analyzing smartness in public spaces of informal settlements
The concepts of smartness and informality are seen as two opposing concepts and functions in urban discussions. However, the mentioned concepts may be more similar than different. For example, the development of informal settlements and their public spaces follows self-organizing and daily patterns, similar to what is found in smart developments. Smartness is evolving in the third generation of definitions and components, which, in addition to technology and well-being (present in the first and second generation), puts more emphasis on social concerns that seem to have similarities with the way of life in informal settlements. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to consider the opportunity to conceptualize smartness by referring to public spaces in informal settlements based on an interpretive approach and using the qualitative content analysis method, in which data collection is also based on the library method and document study. The results indicate that the concept of smartness in the public spaces of informal settlements with the components of flexibility, social and ethnic pluralism, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, mobility and dynamism (slow progress), transparency, participation, social capital, social cohesion and unity, local communities Active, bottom-up performance, collective awareness, social trust, supportive systems and networks, social power and sense of belonging are recognized.
Introduction
The term smart city was first coined in Brisbane, Australia and Blacksburg, USA, where information and communication technology supported social participation, reducing the digital divide and access to services and information. Smart cities emerged as a tool to visualize the urban fabric. They emerged slowly after the 90s but rapidly emerged from the early 2000s. In fact, from 2000 onwards, the growth approach gave way to the smart city, which is based on advances in information and communication technology in planning, development, sustainability and urban services. Since then, it has been creative in the sense of any new type of technology in the planning and development of urban functions.
Of course, reviewing the design process of smart city projects is a fundamental change in the type and type of process and implementation of smart cities. By reviewing the definitions and topics raised for smart cities in the last two decades, we can identify how cities deal with information and communication technology and use it in city development. The evolution of smart cities started with technology and the use of its methods in the city by huge technology companies. After that, urban management entered the space of smart cities. Finally, this city was placed in the center of the smart city.
On the other hand, due to the expansion of informal settlements in recent years. It has been a subject of studies both in practical and theoretical fields inside and outside the country (Irandoost and Sarafi, 2006; Bayat, 2010, 2011; Perlman, 2017; Piran, 2016, 134 Sheikhiye and others, 2014; Sarafi, 2007; Madanipour, 2001 Alsayyad, 1993; 2004; Bayat, 2000; 2007; Benjamin, 2008, 2010; Davis, 2006; De soto, 1989; 2000; ;, 20020; Dovey, 2002; Kellet & Moore, 2003; Neuwirth , 2010; Perlman, 2004; Roy & AlSayad, 2004; Roy, 2012). In these settlements, people try to manifest their "art of presence" and create and discover the space in order to benefit from them for better assistance.
By being mindful of lifestyles and public space usage in informal settlements, it is possible to find similarities with the concepts related to smartness, particularly the third generation of its definitions. This can lead to a better understanding of these concepts' relationship and mutual benefits. These two concepts have significantly contributed to urban planning literature, which may have initially seemed unrelated. Based on this, the upcoming article aims to develop a conceptual framework and identify components for analyzing smartness in public spaces of informal settlements. Therefore, this article, on the one hand, tries to redefine the components of smartness, informal settlement and public space through the analysis of existing definitions and theories. On the other hand, according to the results of the first stage and using the qualitative content analysis method, the components of smartness analysis in the public spaces of informal settlements should be identified, and a conceptual framework presented.
Methodology
The current research is based on a "qualitative" method. The authors are under the interpretation paradigm in search of meaning, observation, and direct reference to various phenomena and investigating the causal relationship between them. Data collection is also based on the library method and document study, and qualitative content analysis is used as the research method for this department's studies. Based on this, the oriented qualitative content analysis method, by using the existing theories, starts its work by identifying the main concepts for classifying the texts and tries to define the key themes by examining the existing theories.
Results and discussion
The way of life in the public spaces of the informal settlement is defined as an economic strategy of survival in its high levels, and the aforementioned strategies are classified into four general types:
1- Social unity (an example of realizing the social dimension of the public space) has caused social power. It can bring achievements such as breaking legal barriers and political invisibility, thus achieving various privileges and the culture of negotiation and bargaining to pursue demands. Also, it has unconsciously and sometimes consciously institutionalized itself, bringing to the fore the tactics of improving the quality of life, which can be seen in public spaces;
2- Spatial correlation (an example of the realization of the physical dimension of the public space) through the place of living and shared public space and shared assets, which leads to the formation of social capitals and, thus, higher residential satisfaction, a greater sense of belonging, collective identity is spatially oriented, and the social and public space It seeks flexible and collective consumption of urban services;
3- An organized order based on integrated culture (an example of the realization of the cultural dimension of the public space), which causes the presence of the publisher in the public space, in the middle and at the threshold;
4- The large-scale isolation of the settlement, caused by the lack of security of possession, illegality and the resulting vulnerabilities, creates an isolated environment.
Conclusion
Finally, smartness and informality can be considered adaptive and collective self-organizing systems nourished by daily operational practices in public spaces, where community manifests as daily creativity. In the end, smartness and informality describe a life that is essentially unplanned, uncertain, and constantly altered by uncertainty and freedom. The manifestation of the concept of smartness in the public spaces of informal settlements with the components of flexibility, social and ethnic pluralism, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, mobility and dynamism (slow progress), transparency, participation, social capital, social cohesion and unity, active local communities, low performance Above, collective awareness, social trust, support systems and networks, social power and sense of belonging are recognized.
Funding
T This research was carried out with the support of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning of University of Kurdistan as a postdoctoral research.
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
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