فاکتورهای محیطی مؤثر بر ابتلای به بیماری کووید-19: بررسی شکاف مطالعاتی (مورد پژوهی: شهر تبریز) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
به منظور کنترل همه گیری کووید-19، متخصصان تلاش داشته اند تا عوامل محیطی مؤثر بر شیوع همه گیری را شناسایی کنند. اما مروری بر ادبیات موضوع نشان می دهد در شناسایی این عوامل، نظر عموم افراد چندان مدنظر نبوده است. درصورتیکه، ایشان به دلیل تعامل مداوم، می توانند آگاهی بیشتری نسبت به عوامل تهدیدکننده در محیط زندگیشان داشته باشند. هدف این تحقیق، شناسایی عوامل محیطی است که با وجود اینکه از طریق اختلال در فاصله گذاری اجتماعی، باعث ایجاد احساس خطر ابتلا به کووید-19 می شوند، در ادبیات موضوع مورد توجه نبوده اند. تحقیق حاضر از نوع اکتشافی است که درآن با استفاده از پرسشنامه ای باز، عوامل محیطی مختل کننده بررسی شده اند. سپس، با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوا، پاسخ ها کدگذاری و با استفاده از روش آنتروپی شانون، وزندهی شده اند. درنهایت، با مقایسه متغیر پراهمیت با متغیرهای حاصل از مرور ادبیات، شکاف مطالعاتی مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. نتایج نشان می دهد که از میان ویژگی های محیط ساخته شده، برخی از کاربری ها (نظیر نانوایی ها)، ویژگی های مسیرهای رفت وآمد (نظیر ماشین های پارک شده) و تسهیلات شهری (نظیر زیرساخت های خرید آنلاین) از نظر عموم افراد می توانند بر احتمال ابتلا تأثیرگذار باشند. همچنین عواملی نظیر آلودگی صوتی نیز می توانند با تأثیر بر سلامت روانی بر احساس خطر ابتلا در محیط بیافزایند. بعلاوه، بر اساس نتایج، توجه به میزان رعایت بهداشت فردی و جمعی و برخی از رفتارهای عمومی، در ارتباط با مقوله فرهنگی-اجتماعی، و توجه به دستفروشی، در ارتباط با مقوله ناهنجاری های اجتماعی، نیز ضروری بنظر می آید. در ضمن، در تحقیق حاضر عوامل محیطی جدیدتری نیز معرفی شدند که در برنامه ریزی شهری چندان مورد توجه نبوده اند.Evaluating Energy Efficiency in Urban Rules and Regulations with an Emphasis on Zoning Model (Case Study: District 6 of Tehran City)
Introduction
Energy consumption in Iran is currently very high and the energy efficiency of cities is low. Therefore, it seems necessary to prepare urban rules and regulations at the most executive level of urban policy making to increase energy efficiency in zoning as the main output of detailed plans. This research was conducted with the aim of exploring and measuring energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations with an emphasis on the zoning model. This research tried to see the relationship between the concepts of urban rules and regulations and energy efficiency and determine what parameters impact upon energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations. It also tried to examine the energy efficiency evaluation framework in urban zoning rules and regulations, their criteria, indicators, and final weights and to see how the energy efficiency of the existing urban fabric and the rule-based simulated urban fabric can be evaluated and compared.
Method
This applied, descriptive-analytical research used a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative methods. To carry out this research, library and field studies, including questionnaire and secondary data analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used. GIS software and Expert Choice software were also used for this purpose. District 6 of Tehran city was selected as the case to be studied in this study.
Results
The results showed that the energy efficiency evaluation criteria in urban rules and regulations that emphasize on the zoning model are as follow in terms of priority, importance, and weight obtained from the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP): Land use zoning, passive urban design for making thermal comfort, compactness, and connected network.
Discussion and Conclusion
Exploring energy efficiency in both scenarios (the current situation and the simulated context based on the implementation of the zoning rules and regulations of the detailed plan) and comparing them showed that since there is not any rules and regulations pertaining to the main criteria of this study (passive urban design for the creation of thermal comfort and connected network in the zoning of the detailed plan of 2019 of District 6 of Tehran city), the two criteria have been considered to be fixed in both scenarios. So, if we suppose that zoning rules and regulations are fully executed, no change will happen in the status quo of the scenarios. That is, both criteria have similar energy efficiency in both scenarios.
Moreover, the energy efficiency based on the density criterion in the simulated scenario has increased by 39.85% compared to the existing scenario. This means that regarding this criterion, implementing zoning rules and regulations (including employment level and building density) have increased the density of the fabric compared. The zoning rules and regulations of the detailed plan in District 6 of Tehran, based on the density criterion, have played an effective role in increasing the energy efficiency of the simulated scenario. Moreover, comparing the status-quo scenario and the detailed plan zoning scenario regarding the other variable criterion (that is, land use zoning, which is also considered the most significant criterion of this research) showed that energy efficiency decreased when zoning rules and regulations have been implemented. The issue, in turn, clearly shows that the rules and regulations do not guarantee energy efficiency based on land use zoning indicators (such as green and open spaces, mixed areas, and housing type). Comparing the scenarios clearly showed that the energy efficiency based on land use zoning criteria in the zoning scenario of the detailed plan has decreased by 45.55% compared to the existing scenario.
The most significant finding of this study clearly showed that the energy efficiency has decreased by 22.25%, considering the weighted overlap of criteria in District 6 of Tehran in the zoning scenario and assuming the application of the related urban criteria. Considering this decrease, one can conclude that the urban rules and regulations are not effective in terms of energy efficiency. That is, if the rules are executed, they will increase energy consumption in urban areas and make worse the environmental consequences.
Taking account the findings, it is suggested that when establishing zoning laws and regulations, which is a criterion for the implementation of all future constructions, their undeniable role in energy efficiency be considered, and then all decisions be made based on criteria related to energy efficiency. This study evaluated the energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations with an emphasis on zoning in District 6 of Tehran. Considering the results, the following suggestions are made: The establishment of zoning rules and regulations that are compatible with various types of climates in Iran, and considering such applied factors as population density, density of residential units, general pattern of road network, the size of urban blocks, the length of urban blocks, the orientation of main streets, the orientation of buildings, and types of houses. The final aim is to improve energy efficiency.
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