نقش یهودیان در تجارت برده در ایران قرون نخستین اسلامی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تاجران یهودی در ایرانِ قرون نخستین اسلامی، بیشتر به تجارت برده شهرت داشتند. همچنین جغرافیانویسان قرون نخستین، از گروهی تجار یهودی به نام راذانی ها نام می برند که به نقاط مختلف سفر می کردند و به تجارت برده مشغول بودند. آنها بردگان را از اروپا به سمت بیزانس و از آن طریق، به جهان اسلام حمل کردند و باعث رشد و ترقی این تجارت، در این دوره تاریخی شدند. به نظر می رسد جنگ های مختلف در اروپا و آسیا که به اسارت مردم از دو طرف در طی این جنگ ها منجر می شد، بر مسئله تجارت برده، تأثیرگذار بوده است و تاجران یهود با خرید و فروش این اسرا، سهم زیادی در گسترش این تجارت داشته اند. در هر حال، به رغم رونق تجارت برده در دوره بحث شده، این موضوع بازتاب زیادی در منابع تاریخی این دوره نداشته و حتی در پژوهش های جدید نیز، کمتر بررسی شده است؛ بنابراین پژوهش حاضر درصدد است تا با استفاده از منابع قدیم و مرتبط و به شیوه توصیفی تحلیلی، نقش تاجران یهودی را در تجارت برده در ایران قرون نخستین اسلامی تا پایان سده چهارم هجری مطالعه کند. برای این منظور، تلاش خواهد شد تا با استفاده از شیوه مطالعات تاریخی، داده های تاریخی از منابع کتابخانه ای گردآوری و دسته بندی و درنهایت یافته های پژوهش، بیان شود.The Role of Jews in the Slave Trade in Iran’s Early Islamic Centuries
Jewish traders in Iran in the early Islamic centuries were very famous for the slave trade than anything else. The geographers of the first centuries have mentioned a group of Jews called the Radhanites who traveled to different places and took trade goods, including slaves, to different places. They transported slaves from Europe to Byzantium and to the Islamic world and caused the growth and development of this trade. It seems that various wars in Europe and Asia had an impact on the subject of the slave trade, and Jewish traders contributed greatly to the expansion of the slave trade. In any case, despite the prosperity and expansion of the slave trade in the discussed period, this issue has not been much reflected in the historical sources of this period, and even in new studies, it has been less discussed and concentrated on. Therefore, the present study tries to investigate the role of Jewish merchants in the slave trade in Iran from the early Islamic centuries to the end of the 4th century Hijri based on the limited resources available from this period and using a descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, efforts will be made to collect historical data from library sources and categorize and finally analyze them using the method of historical studies. Keywords: Jews, Iran, Slave Trade, Radhanites, Early Islamic Centuries. IntroductionFrom the beginning of history, in particular, following the formation of ownership, the phenomena of slavery took place. Accordingly, along with other commodities, the slaves were traded. Historical sources report on the slave trade around the world including the Islamic world and Iran. However, the slave trade in the early Islamic centuries is a subject whose dimensions have not been properly studied yet. Historical sources and reports are largely silent on the subject and the slave trade in this period. However, geographical sources have sometimes referred to slave traders, including Jewish traders in the period under discussion. Based on these sources they transported slaves from Europe to Byzantium and to the Islamic world and Iran caused the growth and development of this trade. It seems that various wars in Europe and Asia had an impact on the slave trade, and Jewish traders contributed greatly to the expansion of the slave trade. Despite the prosperity and expansion of the slave trade in the discussed period, this issue has not been much reflected in the historical sources of this period, and even in new studies, it has been less discussed and concentrated on. To fill the gap, the present study focuses on the role of Jewish merchants in the slave trade in Iran from the early Islamic centuries to the end of the 4th century AH. Materials and MethodsData on Jewish slave traders is based on the reports of Ibn Khurdadbah, a geographer of the 3rd century AH, and Ibn Faqih Hamdani, a historian and geographer of the late 3rd century and early 4th century AH. They mention a group of Jewish traders called Radhani (or Rahdani/Radan) who apparently played a major role in the slave trade. These reports lead us to the fact that the role of Jews in the slave trade is undeniable. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question of how much role did Jewish traders play in the slave trade in Iran in the early Islamic centuries? The authors hypothesize that from the 1st to the 4th century AH / 7th to 10th century CE, Jews actively participated in the slave trade and had an impact on the prosperity of slavery and the slave trade in this period both in Iran and in other parts of the world. In order to achieve the goals of the study, this research uses the historical research method by collecting data from library sources and categorizing them in a descriptive-analytical way. Research FindingsThe results of the present study show that even though local merchants and various ethnicities and religions played a role in the slave trade, most of the slave trade, especially white slaves to Islamic lands and Iran in the early Islamic centuries, was mainly carried out by the Jews. More specifically, at a time when Christians and Muslims were in a power struggle and various wars were taking place all over the world at that time, Jews played the role of intermediaries between different lands and took full advantage of the situation that arose for the demand for slaves in the Islamic world. Discussion, Results, and ConclusionConsidering the results of the study, for Europeans, slaves played the role of money to buy essential goods such as spices and luxuries such as silk. They were mainly buying white Slavic slaves and other European peoples who were enslaved during various wars and transported them to ports and slave shipping routes. Slave women were trained for men's sexual pleasure and musical roles, and male slaves were often eunuched and then transported to the demanding markets, which were mainly the Islamic world and Iran. In other words, it can be said that in the 7th to 11th centuries CE / 1st to 4th AH, the international slave trade was monopolized by Jews, who were known as Razanis in Iran and Islamic sources. The available evidence shows that different networks of Jews played a role in the trade of this human commodity.
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