جستاری درباره برخی اشاره های نظامی به کتاب ها و کسان در اسکندرنامه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اسکندر مقدونی یکی از چهره های تاریخی است که داستان زندگی و ماجراجویی ها و لشکر آرایی هایش در نظم و نثر فارسی چنان بازتاب گسترده ای دارد که بعضی از شاعران سترگ فارسی، از جمله نظامی گنجوی در اسکندرنامه نیز بدین موضوع توجه کرده اند. اسکندرنامه بزرگ ترین اثر نظامی ازلحاظ حجم و دارای دو بخش «شرف نامه» و «اقبال نامه» است. بسیاری از داستان ها و حکایت های خمسه نظامی و به ویژه اسکندرنامه برگرفته از شماری از منابع شفاهی و کتبی و متون تاریخی و داستانی و افسانه و اسطوره و مانند آنها به زبان فارسی و عربی و دیگر زبان هاست که نظامی به شیوه خاص خود، مستقیم و غیرمستقیم اشاراتی به آنها داشته است. به طور مسلم نظامی برای شکل دادن داستان اسکندر، به دانسته های خود و آثار و منابع موجود اتکا و استناد داشته است. این نوشتار به روش توصیفی و تحلیل محتوا درپی آن است تا از گفته ها و اشاره های مستقیم و نامستقیم نظامی در اسکندرنامه، به معرفی منابع مورد استفاده او دست یابد. یافته ها بیانگر آن است که نظامی ضمن احاطه بر علوم مختلف و زبان های دیگر به ویژه عربی، به آثار تاریخی، جغرافیایی، ادبی، فلسفی و عرفانی ملل دسترسی داشته و بخش بزرگی از روایات و حکایات و رویدادهای اسکندرنامه او برگرفته از همین آثار یا برگردان آن هاست که با هنر و فن بیان خود آراسته و پیراسته و منظوم ساخته و گاه تغییراتی در آنها ایجاد کرده است.A Survey about some Nizami References to the Books and People in Iskandernāme
Alexander the Great is one of the historical figures whose life, Adventures, and campaign stories have such a wide reflection in Persian poetry and prose that such a great Persian poet as Nizami Ganjavi also has addressed this issue in his Iskandernāme. This largest Nizami's work has two parts: Sharafnāma and Iqbalnāma. Many of the stories and anecdotes in Nizami's Khamsa and especially Iskandernāme are taken from many oral and written sources, historical and fictional texts, Legends, and myths in Persian, Arabic, and other languages to which Nizami, in his own way, has had direct and indirect reference. Certainly, Nizami has relied on his knowledge and other existing works and sources to form the story of Alexander. This article aims to introduce the sources used by Nizami from his statements and references in Iskandernāme by the method of descriptive and content analysis. Findings indicate that Nizami while being mastered in various sciences and other languages, especially Arabic, had access to historical, Geographic, literary, philosophical, and mythical works of nations and a large part of narrations, anecdotes, and events of his Iskandernāme are taken from these works or their translations and with his rhetorical art he has embellished and composed them and then has made some changes in them.
Keywords: Iskandernāme, Nizami Ganjavi, Sources, Sharfnama, Iqbalnama.
Introduction
Alexander and the story of his adventure are generally known as the "Legend of Alexander". There are many versions of Persian Iskandernāme in verse and prose, vernacular and courtly. The Alexander Chronicles are not based on historical sources, but on an account of Alexander's life and deeds, written in Greek, probably composed in Alexandria between the 3rd century BC and the 3rd century AD, and later attributed to Callisthenes. Because this attribution was shown to be wrong, its author was called the False Callisthenes. The Greek text of the story was translated into Latin in the 4th century AD and from there, it spread to all the native languages of Europe. More or less at the same time, it was translated into Syriac and probably into Pahlavi, and this Syriac version became the source of translations in the languages of the Middle East and Central and South Asia. This story spread to China and Southeast Asia and became one of the most popular stories known. Several versions of the story have been narrated by Persian-language poets and storytellers, versions which have distanced from the original story of the False Callisthenes and have been Iranianized to different degrees. Nizami Iskandernāme, which was composed in 599 A.H., is divided into two books: "Sharafnāmeh" and "Iqbalnāmeh" or "Khiradnāmeh". "Iqbalnāmeh" is the story of Alexander, and a similar part of the narrative called the Legend, is about another character. The story usually ends with a moral interpretation or an interpretation of the previous action and ends with Alexander's arrival in Rome. Iqbalnāmeh is the story of Alexander the prophet, while Shrafnāmeh is the story of Alexander the conqueror.
Material and methods
This study is a research on the sources of Iskandernāme. In the first step, the work is studied, and any mention of any book or people is extracted; in the second step by exploring the existing sources and finding related points, the origin of many of his quotations or remarks is guessed.
Discussion and results
Many of the stories and anecdotes of Khamsa Nizami and especially Iskandernameh are taken from several oral and written sources, historical and fictional texts, legends and myths, and similar ones in Persian, Arabic, and other languages, to which Nizami in its own way, had direct and indirect references; With a more detailed examination of his works, the hidden angles of some unknown sources can be revealed to some extent. This is the main purpose of the current research, with the necessity that the amount of Nizami references to the authentic works of the past and their adaptation and the connections between the texts of the nations and his performance in creating and explaining the stories, traditions, and legends in this Mathnavi can be achieved through the analysis and research of the text.
The first motivation of Nizami in composing Iskandernāme is Shāhnāma. His other motivation is the Quran, for calling Alexander -Dhul-Qarnain. The issue of exaggeration and fantasy and favoring them led the readers to the Poetics by Aristotle.
The scientific books mentioned at the beginning of Iqbālnāma must be The Geography by Ptolemy or his Almagest, Risāla fi al-Tathīr al-Rūhanyāt fi al-Morakkabāt by Apollonius, and Sefer Torah. It can be said that Nizami Ganjavi has composed Iskandernāme in three faces a conqueror, a sage, and a prophet. In the present research, by extracting the details that Nizami gave in his Iskandernāme, which is believed that it must be a reference to scientific, literary, philosophical, religious and fictional works or the authors of those works, and by referring to the existing works, it has been tried, as far as possible, the main references and sources or their translations are identified and introduced by the method of description and analysis; sources such as Astamaxis, Kitāb al-Ulūf by Abu Ma'shar of Balkh, Ghāyat al-Hakim (Known as Picatrix) by Majriṭi, Republic by Plato, Encyclopedia of Brethren of Purity, Utopia by Farabi, Mīzan al-'Amal by Ghazzali, and Vafayat ai-A'yan by Ibn Khallikān.
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