بازآفرینی، آسیب نگاری و بررسی ساختاری کتیبه گریوار بقعه دوازده امام یزد (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تاریخ ساخت بقعه «دوازده امام یزد» به عنوان یکی از کهن ترین بناهای کتیبه دار ایران، به اواخر دوره آل بویه و دیلمیان برمی گردد. تحقیقات انجام گرفته بر روی این بنا به معماری و مرمت جداره خارجی آن محدود می شود، درحالی که گنبدخانه آن دارای آرایه های ارزشمندی ازجمله کتیبه آیت الکرسی در گریوار گنبد است. هدف این پژوهش، مطالعه آسیب های وارده به این کتیبه و شناخت ساختار و نقوش به کار رفته در آن برای کمک به استفاده های بعدی ازجمله در مرمت کتیبه بوده است. نیل به این هدف در گرو پاسخ به این دو سؤال است: 1. آسیب های وارده به کتیبه گریوار بقعه دوازده امام شامل چه مواردی است؟ 2. ساختار کلی و تزئینات به کار رفته در این آرایه چگونه است؟ ضرورت این پژوهش از این روست که با توجه به قدمت بنا و تأثیرات مخرب جوی، کتیبه فوق دچار آسیب های جدی شده لذا نیازمند شناخت این آسیب ها جهت جلوگیری از آسیب های بیش تر و بازسازی بوده و احیای آن بسیار ضروری است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی تحلیلی و براساس مطالعات کتابخانه ای و میدانی است. یافته های این پژوهش براساس بازآفرینی بخش های آسیب دیده، آسیب نگاری و پردازش تصویری با برنامه های رایانه ای، حاکی از آن است که بیش ترین آسیب ها عمدتاً به دلیل ریزش مصالح زیرساخت،ریزش رنگ و آلودگی های محیطی است. وسعت ریزش مصالح هفت درصد کل کتیبه است و ریزش تکه ای رنگ 5/6 درصد کتیبه را درگیر نموده درحالی که آلودگی های سطحی 100 درصد کتیبه را فراگرفته اند. تحلیل داده ها در آلودگی سطحی، گواه وجود میانگین 13 درصدی رنگ خاکستری روشن،34 درصدی خاکستری میانه و 14درصدی خاکستری تیره به جای دو رنگ سفید 55 درصدی و سیاه 45 درصد در طرح اولیه است که نشان از سطح بالای تخریب کتیبه دارد. هم چنین هرچند در همه کتیبه های معماری نظام های سه گانه نوشتاری، هندسی و گیاهی لزوماً به کار نرفته اند، براساس بررسی ساختاری کتیبه، این اثر هر سه بخش را به شکل ساختارمندی داراست به گونه ای که طراح، هریک از اجزاء را در هماهنگی هرچه بیش تر برای رسیدن به کلیتی منسجم طراحی نموده است.Reconstruction, Damage Analysis, and Structural Analysis of the GrivarInscription in the Twelve Imams Mausoleum of Yazd
IntroductionThe construction date of the ‘Twelve ImamsMausoleum’ in Yazd goes back to the end of the Buyidsand Daylamites periods. The architectural ornaments of this building include murals, plasterworks, faience mosaics, and brickworks; also, an inscription with decorative Kufic script has decorated its parts. The research conducted on this building is limited to the architecture and restoration of its external walls, while the dome has valuable ornaments, including the inscription of ‘Ayatul Kursi’ in its Grivar. This inscriptionis implemented using the technique of ‘painting on plaster’. This historical monument has been seriously damaged due to the age of the building and the destructive environmental effects on it. These damages are either erosion destroying the appearance of the building or the structural destruction destroying the foundation of the building; therefore, knowing the damage so as to prevent further destruction and reconstruction is of particular importance to preserving this thousand-year-old monument.Research MethodThis research tries to study the damages inflicted on this inscription with the help of reconstruction and damage photography. It, also, tries to to know the structure and motifs used in it in comparison with similar inscriptions. The questions raised in this research were: 1- What were the damages caused to the Grivar inscription in the Twelve Imams Mausoleum? 2- What was the general structure and decorations used for this ornament? This research was descriptive-analytical, and data collection was based on library studies and field surveys. Its approach in the image processing section of the inscription to determine the amount of damage was quantitative, and in the structural analysis it was qualitative. The primary research sources were provided using field photography; the damage mapping of the sides of the inscription was reconstructed based on photographs and images; image processing was provided using a computer program and a color analysis method. The images processed based on color; the numerical results were separated and analyzed based on tables, and the possibility of reproducing the inscription provided the conditions for its structural investigation concerning the analysis of external components and visual features.Research FindingsThe mentioned inscription is in Kufic (Moashaq Moshajar) script, written in dark azure color on a plaster base. This inscription began with "Bismillah" from the third side of the top of the entrance door and ended with the phrase ‘Al-Ali al-Azeem’ at the end of the eighth side. Over time, damages were imposed on this inscription, leading to the destruction of many parts. Among these damages were humidity, mud,and water flow from the upper parts on the surface of the inscription, the effect of suspended particles in the air, pollution, and dust, the change in the writing's color, the loosening of the paint layer, and its separation from the plaster bed due to the passage of time, penetration termites and the porosity caused by their activity in the lower layers, the cracks caused by earthquakes or other shocks and the forces entering the building, and the traces of droppings of birds or other creatures on the surface of the inscription. Measuring the accurate amount of damage on each side was done in the form of three separate images for each side: 1- The reproduced image of each side of the inscription was in black and white without destruction (the processing of this image provides the amount of positive (text) and negative (background) space to determine the amount of damage in other destructions). 2- The recreated image of each side showed infrastructure destruction in red and paint loss in blue 3- A black-and-white image of each side of the inscription was used to estimate surface pollution. Based on this damage imaging method, by comparing the white and black colors on each side and the percentage of white and black in the ‘initial recreated design’, it was noted whether the destruction damaged the writing itself or the background of the inscription. Accordingly, the fifth side had the most serious destruction of the background with 8%, and the the most serious destruction of the text with 7%. The results of the processing of the blue color, which represents the ‘paint loss’ showed that the first side had the highest amount of paint loss (7% loss), which caused the color of the design and the background to be the same. The lowest amount of paintloss was assigned to the second and the third sides. According to the results, ‘surface pollution,’ had a 100% extent in the inscription.ConclusionBased on the reconstruction of the destructed parts, damage imaging, and image processing with computer programs, the damages have been divided into three general categories: 1) destruction of infrastructure materials, 2) paint loss, 3) surface pollution. The results indicate that the most serious damage was caused mainly by the fall of infrastructure materials, paint loss, and environmental pollution. Structural analysis showed that this inscription had all three structural components of inscriptions including the plant system in the upper part, the geometric system in the middle part, and the writing system in the lower part. The greatest similarity was in the plantmotif, and the greatest diversity was seen in the knots of the geometric part. Although these systems were not necessarily used in all architectural inscriptions, this inscription had all three parts in a structured way showing that the designer had designed each component in harmony to achieve a coherent whole.
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