توسعه مدل عامل بنیان تأثیر توزیع مناسب منابع خیریه ها بر نابرابری اقتصادی
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از مهم ترین چالش ها در اقتصاد هر کشور، بحث نابرابری اقتصادی، کنترل و جلوگیری از تبعات آن است؛ از این رو، در علم اقتصاد پیامدهای نابرابری اقتصادی، به امر بسیار با اهمیتی تبدیل شده است. همچنین، براساس پژوهش هایی که با استفاده از مدلسازی عامل بنیان به بررسی نابرابری اقتصادی پرداخته شده، به وجود آمدن نابرابری اقتصادی به اثبات رسیده است. یکی از بحث ها در زمینه نابرابری اقتصادی، ایفای نقش خیریه ها در تعدیل و کاهش نابرابری اقتصادی است. در ادبیات تحقیق به وجود پیچیدگی و ابهام در رابطه با نقش خیریه ها در کاهش نابرابری اقتصادی تأکید شده است و در بسیاری از آنها به صورت جزء نگرانه به این مسئله پرداخته شده است. در مطالعه حاضر، یک مدل عامل بنیان براساس مدل اقتصادی توزیع ثروت با نرم افزار نتلوگو توسعه داده شده است و در آن نقش خیریه ها و توزیع مناسب منابع آنها در یک محیط شبیه سازی شده، با طراحی سه سناریوی متفاوت گزارش می شود. با بررسی نتایج این سناریوها مشخص می شود وجود خیریه ها در کاهش نابرابری اقتصادی مؤثر است و ایجاد سازوکار توزیع مناسب منابع خیریه ها تأثیر بیشتری در کاهش نابرابری اقتصادی داردDevelopment of Agent-Based Model of the Effect of Appropriate Distribution of Charity Resources on Economic Inequality
Introduction Nowadays, due to the globalization of the economy, the problems related to the economic situation in the countries have been given more attention. These issues and dilemmas have resulted in many consequences for societies, therefore economic inequality has become an important issue for countries and they are looking for ways to reduce it (Tanjitpiyanond et al., 2022; Vyas et al., 2022). The issues and problems that economic inequality creates for countries can sometimes lead to irreparable crises for countries (Beesley & Hawkins, 2022; Neapolitan, 1999; Stiglitz, 2012; Wilkinson & Pickett, 2010). Economic inequality is a phenomenon that classical economics hardly can clarify its exact roots and consequences, and this is because the approach of classical economics does not consider all economic aspects and cause and effect relationships between variables (Markey- Towler & Foster, 2013). Charities and non-governmental organizations are among the institutions that there is a lot of discussion about their impact in reducing economic inequality and in general the impact of charities on macroeconomics and economic inequality. Therefore, in recent years, much research has been conducted on the effect of charities and non-governmental organizations in reducing economic inequality (Arulampalam et al., 2015; Fateh Ahmad & Majid, 2022; Jaffer, 2020; Mastromatteo & Russo, 2017). At present, the activities of charities in our country are such that they do not bring about big events in solving social issues, and the main reason for the weakness of charities in making a proper impact to improve society is the existence of many trustees without a proper road map (Lotfi, 2018). Research Methodology The main purpose of the current study is to investigate the effect of charities and also "the proper distribution of charities' resources" on economic inequality. Therefore, in a laboratory environment, the mechanism of "proper distribution of charity resources" is examined by designing scenarios. Because the implementation of these scenarios in real space requires high cost and time, in the present study, the agent-based modeling approach was used (An et al., 2021). One of the simulation approaches that has recently received a lot of attention in the field of social and economic sciences, especially in systems that have a lot of complexity, is agent-based modeling. In this approach, different components of a system are modeled using the concept of an agent, and in social sciences, each agent can represent a person in society, and in this type of modeling, it is also possible to define exchanges and processes between system components (Wilensky & Rand, 2015). In the present study, the simulation is implemented in the NetLogo software, and Epstein and Axtell's "Sugarscape" model was used to model the economic system of the present study (Epstein & Axtell, 1996). This model is also available in the NetLogo software standard library (Wilensky & Rand, 2015). The "Sugarscape" model has been developed based on the topic that is the main goal of the present study so that the role of charities and the way of distribution of charities' resources can be modeled and the questions raised can be examined using predetermined scenarios. Economic inequality in different scenarios is reported using the Gini coefficient index (Deltas, 2003). Research Findings Table 1 shows the results of 10 times of the implementation of different scenarios designed in this article, which briefly shows the effect of the existence of charities and also the creation of a suitable mechanism for distributing the resources of charities in the economic model studied in this article. Table 1. Statistical report of the number of people of different economic classes after 1 year By comparing the average Gini coefficient in three different scenarios, it is clear that the best economic situation in terms of economic inequality was the third scenario. The average Gini coefficient in 10 simulations of the third scenario, i.e. the second behavioral model of charities, was 0.241 and compared to the previous two scenarios, it has the lowest value. This issue can answer the second question of the present study and how to improve the performance of charities in the economic system is determined by creating a centralized database for charities. Therefore, if a centralized database is created for charities to operate in, it can increase the effectiveness of charities in improving economic conditions in the long run. It is suggested that to reduce the economic inequality in the long term, the environment of charities should be improved and to reduce parallelism and errors in identifying the real needy, a mechanism should be provided for the proper distribution of charity resources. Discussion In the presented model, other economic factors such as producers, banks, etc. have been omitted, and only the exchange of the agents' wealth with the environment and each other has been modeled. Therefore, it will be possible that researchers to develop a model in the field of socio-economic and charitable systems. In this study, the Epstein and Excels model was developed for the effect of charities. To develop the model, another type of agent was added, in addition to the main agents of the model. The charity agent has been added as an institution to create economic balance in the model. On the other hand, the behavioral model of people has also been developed and good behavior has been modeled for them. It is in this way that it is possible to create a flow of resource distribution from the well-off people to the less well-off people of society. Two questions were asked about these issues. The first question was whether the creation of charitable institutions and good behavior by people has any effect on economic inequality. The second question is the role of the existence of a suitable distribution system of good resources in the model. For this reason, two different types of charity behavior models were developed. In the first model, charities help the agents who have referred to them, without having a database to identify the need and also to meet the needs of the people. The weakness of this model can be examined from several different aspects, which were mentioned in different parts of the model presentation. For this reason, there is a need for a system in which charities can provide their services and at the macro level of society, good resources can be distributed appropriately and purposefully among the less fortunate.
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