بررسی آرایه خورشید در صنایع دستی و تزیینات معماری یزد (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
خورشید همواره جایگاه ویژه ای را در بین اساطیر ایران و جهان دارا بوده است. در ایران که یکی از قدیمی ترین پایگاه های پرستش خورشید می باشد، چلیپا رایج ترین صورتی است که در کنار دیگر نقوش منتزع از خورشید، دستمایه صنعتگران و هنرمندان دوره های مختلف جهت تزیین فرآورده های دستی قرار گرفته است. این نقشمایه به مرور زمان و متناسب با جهان بینی انسان ایرانی در پهنه فرهنگی این سرزمین، تغییر شکل یافته و با صورت های متنوعی نمایانده شده است. امروزه نیز می توان آرایه خورشید را در صنایع دستی و تزیینات معماری نواحی مختلف ایران، به ویژه ناحیه یزد مشاهده کرد. نظر به تنوع و تعدد کاربرد نقشمایه خورشید در دوره های مختلف زمانی در یزد و نظر به سابقه تاریخی و ویژگی های فرهنگی و جغرافیایی این شهر، همواره پراکندگی صوری نقشمایه خورشید و اشکال متأثر از این نگاره در صنایع دستی و تزیینات معماری این ناحیه منشأ سوال بوده است. در این جستار تلاش شده است پس از برشمردن جنبه های اسطوره ای نقشمایه خورشید و همچنین سیر تحول آن در ایران، تنوع صوری این نگاره در صنایع دستی ناحیه یزد نیز در قالب تصویر و به صورتی مقایسه ای مورد بررسی قرار گیرد.Investigation of Sun Array in Yazd Architectural Handicrafts and Decorations
Abstract Sun was always in special place among Iran and world myths that can be know as the eldest station for worshiping sun, cross or Swastika is the most common face which has been turned to capital for the craftsmen and artists of the various eras in order to decorate handicrafts beside other various images of sun. This epidiascope is one of the eldest ancient epidiascope and it can be seen in the most world ancient civilization. Generally, sun and its dependent images such as cross are rooted from Mithraism religion. The religion which transferred from Iran to Mesopotamia and Asia Minor and entered to Greece and Rome through contacts and political and social communications and it penetrated in Christianity and progressed to north of England in west and to India in east. Sun epidiascope is repeatedly seen in ceramic and metallic works of ancient Iran with the various shapes during various historical eras. Sometime, in form of single, full disk with lines that indicate its radiations and sometime with its manifestations such as human, horse, goat, wheel, ring and cross. This epidiascope gradually has been transformed and appeared with the various forms with Iranian human cosmology in Iran cultural area. So that, it became decoration of after Islam Iranian handicraft in form of epidiascopes like Shamse or in combination with the holy and blessing names such as Allah, Mohammad and Ali in form of three and four branch cross in Islamic concepts. Even nowadays, also sun array can be seen in the various handicrafts and architectural decorations in Iran various areas, particularly in Yazd region. Science Yazd city is far from forests and with huge events during history and intact historical texture and also present of main centers of ceramic working, coopersmithing and blacksmising and textile in this city is always proper source to study some subjects such as circumstances of change procedure of Iranian original epidiascopes such as sun and apparent variety of these arrays. In this city, various pictorial qualities of sun epidiascope can be seen in the architectural decorations and handicrafts. Yazd historical records and cultural and geographical features and variety of applying sun epidiascope in different eras in this city propounded some questions about apparent distribution of sun epidiascopes, apparent variety of the shapes affected by this picture in handicrafts and architectural decoration of this area, relation of these images with other images obtained from Iran plateau civilization regions. In this article, it is attempted to investigate the myths and symbolism aspects of sun epidiascopes in the handicrafts and religious and literal texts of ancient Iran. Then, change procedure of this epidiascope in ancient Iran handicrafts, particularly in ceramic has been considered as the most common and the eldest investigation source of decoration images. In the next step, after considering the geographical, ecological and cultural special features of Yazd area, apparent variety of sun epidiascope in woven, metalworking, ceramics and architectural decorations of this area are considered in frame of picture and line and schematic designs.
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