Talmud

Maintaining the health and order of society, in order to move along the correct path of progress, is among the priorities of every school of thought. One of the ways to achieve this goal is to maintain individual and family health and order, strengthen family relationships, and establish social order. The two religions of Judaism and Islam recommend that their followers observe chastity and hijab in order to achieve this goal, so that moral health prevails in society. Maintaining chastity and hijab in these two divine religions is recommended for both men and women, and each has specific duties in this path; duties that, apart from preserving their own chastity, also help to preserve the chastity of their spouses and the society in which they live. By studying the details of these recommendations, many similarities can be found between these two divine religions. This research addresses the issue of chastity and hijab in the two religions of Judaism and Islam, and its emphasis is on the content of the jurisprudential books of the Talmud and Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhū al-Faqīh, whose contents explain revelation and are of special interest to the jurists of these two schools of thought.

Criminal mediation is a common theme among Muslims, Jews, and Christians. However, what similarities and differences exist regarding the mediator and their role, individual versus collective mediation, location, and scope?  Are certain statements in their respective scriptures compatible with the belief in the inherent, active unity, and justice of God? The necessity of referring to the epistemological sources of religion, the Quran's call for common ground among religions (Ᾱli ʻImrān/64), and the value of clarification emphasized in the Quran (al-Zumar/18) underscore the importance of this topic. This research, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizes comparative studies of the aforementioned religious texts. The results indicated that the only complete and independent otherworldly mediator is God. The simplicity of God's essence negates the concept of a son or multiplicity of divine beings.  Certain statements in their scriptures require correction.  Intercession does not negate the punishment of discrimination and injustice; rather, it specifically excludes violations of divine law and discrimination. This act is related to the divine attribute of mercy. While sharing commonalities such as divine mercy, the mediator's proximity, and the faith of those who benefit, otherworldly mediators also exhibit differences regarding the possibility or certainty of acceptance, whether the mediation is fundamental or supplementary, obstacles to intercession, the role of Sharia, and the scope of intercession in terms of the types of sins and the number of those saved.