مقایسه و تحلیل شاخص های فقر مسکن شهری با توجه به توزیع جغرافیایی (مطالعه موردی: شهر بیجار) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مسکن به عنوان یک عنصر تعیین کننده در سازمان اجتماعی فضا، در شکل گیری هویت فردی، روابط اجتماعی و اهداف جمعی افراد نقش موثری دارد. امروزه شهرهای ایران با فقر مسکن درابعاد اقتصادی، کالبدی و اجتماعی روبرو هستند که هریک از این ابعاد نیز دارای شاخص های متفاوتی با هم می باشند. در مناطقی که گروه های کم درآمد و اقشار آسیب پذیر جامعه ساکن هستند وضعیت نامناسب است. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش توصیفی تحلیلی می باشد. جهت تنظیم مبانی نظری منابع اسنادی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت و داده های خام پژوهش از بلوک های آماری شهر بیجار در دو سال 1385 و 1395 مرکز آمار ایران استخراج شده است. با روش تحلیل عاملی در محیط نرم افزار SPSS برای دوره 1385، ده شاخص به 2 عامل و برای دوره 1395، شش شاخص به دو عامل تقسیم شده اند. همچنین با تولید نقشه پهنه بندی از طریق GIS مشخص شد که که پهنه های فقر مسکن در دوره 1385 در قسمت های مرکزی محله بلوار، قسمت جنوب غربی محله بادامستان و فرحی و قسمت جنوبی شهر محله سراب را شامل می شود و در دوره 1395 در بیشتر نواحی شهر از جمله: محله الماسیه، قسمت شرقی محله یارمجه و جنوب شرقی ریگ سیاه را شامل می شود. در مقابل پهنه های رفاه مسکن در سال 1385 قسمت های شرقی محله یارمجه، شمال شرقی محله تخت سفلی و تخت علیا، قسمت غربی محله مهدیه و شمال غربی محله حلوایی را شامل می شود و در سال 1395 که در قسمت های شمال شرقی محله تخت سفلی و تخت علیا و شمال غربی محله حلوایی مشاهده می شود. با توجه به درصد تغییرات طی 10 سال می توان نتیجه گرفت که وضعیت مسکن بهبود نیافته است.Comparison and Analysis of Urban Housing Poverty Indicators according to Geographical Distribution (Case Study: Bijar City)
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The concentration of poverty in cities is one of the most important challenges that cities face in the 21st century. Urban poverty has been discussed by several sociologists, economists and politicians for more than a century. A good and sufficient housing means a housing that does not have excessive density. Even in many cases, the most important factors influencing a person’s satisfaction with living in a neighborhood are housing and environmental conditions. Housing is one of the main factors of reducing poverty and class difference between different social strata. One of the positive consequences of this matter is the stability and solidarity of families. Housing is also effective in the families’ participation in the bigger society. Lack of access to suitable housing is so connected with the increase of crime, divorce, and social disunity, and it becomes a hindering factor in social growth and development. Not having a home causes the emergence of other abnormal social phenomena such as sleeping on the streets, slum dwelling, and more serious problems such as begging. Low-income social groups have always faced problems in providing housing. Average size of the household, the density in the residential unit, the density of people in the residential unit, etc. are high in places where these groups live. Therefore, these people have no choice but to fall into the cycle of poverty. Therefore, it is necessary to study these areas by carefully evaluating the housing indicators.
Method
This study used a descriptive-analytical method. Documentary sources were studied to establish theoretical background, and the required data was extracted from the statistical blocks of Bijar in 2006 and 2016 from Iran Statistics Center. Bijar is one of the cities of Kurdistan province, which is located in the northeast of Kurdistan and in the west of Iran. According to the census of 2016, the city had a population of 56,857 and according to the latest master plan of the city, it consisted of 20 neighborhoods. Factor analysis was applied in SPSS to analyze the indicators for 2006 and 2016. GIS was used to visualize the zoning map related to the housing poverty. Then, the indicators were transferred to the SPSS and, using the factor analysis model, 12 indicators were classified into two factors. For each of the specific value factors, variance percentage and cumulative variance were explained. According to each of the extracted factors, the blocks of the city were categorized into five groups: very prosperous, prosperous, average, poor, and very poor.
Results
The findings indicated that the final factor in 2006 regarding to the poverty zone included 41.43% of the city area, 54.91% of the population and 56.03% of the households, which is in the central parts of Boulevard, the southwestern part of Badamestan and Farhi, the southern part of Sarab neighborhoods. The moderate zone marked with yellow color is scattered in different parts of the city and included 19.71% of the area, 24.24% of the population and 23.97% of the households. Refah zone with 83.83% of the area, 20.82% of the population and 19.98% of the households are included in the areas in the eastern parts of Yaramjeh, the northeast of Takht Sofla and Takht Olya, Mahdiyeh and the northwest of Halvai neighborhoods. In 2016, the poverty zone with 34.29% of the city's area, 67.16% of the population and 68.09% of the households included the northern parts of Almasieh, the eastern part of Yaramjeh, and the southeast of Rig Siah neighborhoods. The moderate poverty zone, which is marked with yellow color, with 17.25% of the area, included 22.22% of the population and 21.51% of the households, which is located in the center parts, namely the Boulevard neighborhood, the southwestern part of Badamestan and Farahi neighborhoods. Refah zone with 48.44% of the city area, 10.6% of the population, and 10.37% of the households are included among the zones that are located in the northeastern parts of Takht Sofla neighborhoods. It also included the upper and northwest of Halvai neighborhoods.
Discussion and Conclusion
The issue of housing poverty and its impacts on the socio-economic status of urban population has become more significant in recent decades in the urban policies of the countries in the world, especially in developing countries. As discussed above, urban poverty is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that has faced planners and policy makers with many challenges. In the present study, in order to run factor analysis, GIS and SPSS were applied. The aim was to depict the changing situation of city neighborhoods of Bijar in two different years. The results of the integration of the indicators showed that the poverty zones in 2006 and 2016 shifted in different parts of the city. In 2006 they were the central parts of Boulevard, the southwestern part of Badamestan and Farahi, and the southern part of the city of Sarab neighborhoods, but 2016 poverty zones were located in most areas of the northern parts which included in the eastern parts of Yaramjeh, the northeast of Takht Sofla and Takht Olya neighborhoods. Moreover, it can be said that the total percentage of the poverty zones has increased over the 10 years and the poverty zone became more widespread in Bijar especially in the northern parts.
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