دگرگونی معنایی در واژه های شمس النهار (نخستین نشریه افغانستان) و مقایسه آن با هفته نامه کابل (از نشریه های متأخر افغانستان)
آرشیو
چکیده
زبان روزنامه نگاری افغانستان از یک ونیم سده به این سو دگرگونی هایی را از سر گذرانده است. یکی از این ها دگرگونی معنایی واژگان از نوع "کاهش واژگانی" است. در این پژوهش، دگرگونی معنایی واژه های زبان فارسی در شمس النهار (نخستین نشریه افغانستان) و مقایسه آن با هفت نامه کابل، یکی از نشریه ها متاخر، بررسی شده است. هدف این پژوهش نمایاندن نوع، بسامد دگرگونی معنایی از نوع کاهش واژگانی (متروک شدن یکی از معناهای واژه ها یا متروک شدن کامل آن ها) و دریافت عوامل این دگرگونی در واژه های مس النهار است. این پژوهشِ بنیادی به شیوه توصیفی و با استفاده از منابع کتاب خانه ای صورت گرفته است. توصیف و تحلیل داده ها نشان می دهد که بیشترین دگرگونی ها از نوع "متروک شدن کلی" واژ ه ها است. دلیل این دگرگونی ها، گرایش زبان فارسی از تکلف به سادگی است. بررسی ها نشان می د هد که شماری از واژه های اردو در شمس النهار رایج بوده است. هم چنین کاربرد شماری از واژه های بالنسبه مهجور به ویژه واژه های عربی در شمس النهار نشان دهنده این است که در بازه زمانی نشر آن، استفاده از زبان متکلّفانه یا منشیانه در روزنامه نگاری بسیار رایج بوده است. در این تحقیق که برای نخستین بار به دگرگونی معنایی زبان فارسی در واژه های شمس النهار پرداخته شده است، نوع و بسامد دگرگونی معنایی واژه ها به صورت آماری نیز بیان شده است.Semantic Transformation in the Vocabulary of Shams al-Nahar (the first Printed Periodical in Afghanistan) and a Comparison with the Kabul Weekly (a Later Publication)
The language of journalism in Afghanistan has undergone various transformations over the past one and a half centuries. One such transformation is the semantic change of vocabulary, specifically lexical attrition. This study examines the semantic changes in the Persian language words used in Shams al-Nahar, the first printed periodical in Afghanistan, and compares it with Kabul Weekly. This research aims to illustrate the type and frequency of semantic changes characterized by semantic and lexical attrition (the obsolescence of one meaning of words or their complete abandonment) and identify the factors contributing to these changes in Shams al-Nahar. This research is fundamental in purpose, descriptive in analytical method, and library-based in research methodology. The description and analysis of the data indicate that the majority of changes are of the type involving the complete obsolescence of words. The reason for these changes is the tendency of the Persian language to shift from complexity to simplicity. The findings reveal that a number of Urdu words were prevalent in Shams al-Nahar. Additionally, the use of several relatively obscure words, particularly Arabic words, in Shams al-Nahar indicates that during the period of this publication, ornate or bureaucratic prose was very prominent in journalistic language. In this research, which for the first time addresses the semantic changes in the Persian language within Shams al-Nahar, the researcher has statistically presented the type and frequency of semantic changes in this publication.
Introduction
The study of language change is an important area of research with implications across various fields, including linguistics, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience. By examining how language evolves, researchers can gain insights into how it influences the development of social structures, group dynamics, and cultural norms. Such studies help us understand the role of language in shaping human societies and the ways it contributes to social evolution. Within the realm of language change, the study of lexical and semantic transformations is particularly significant. This refers to the changes that occur over time in the form and meaning of units within a language, which can be lexical or conceptual. Understanding these transformations not only enriches our comprehension of language but also sheds light on the cognitive processes behind communication. Additionally, it highlights the interconnectedness of language with cultural identity and social change, underscoring the dynamic nature of human expression and interaction.
Literature Review
Although many research works have been published on the evolution of the Persian language, there seems to be a lack of books or articles specifically examining the semantic transformations of Persian in Afghan publications. However, several studies related to this topic have been conducted. For example, Hassan Zolfaqari's work, Non-Standard Patterns in the Language of the Press, provides important insights into the evolution of the Persian language in Iranian media. Parviz Natel Khanlari, in his book A History of the Persian Language, discusses the evolution of Persian from ancient times to the present, highlighting the influence of foreign languages on Persian. Rasoul Rahin explores the historical roots and origins of Dari Persian in The Story of the Dari Persian Language, examining its expansion. Najm Kaviani's The History of Persian Language in the Last Century in Afghanistan and Tajikistan addresses the changes in the Persian language specifically in Afghanistan. Furthermore, Mohammad Kazem Ahang offers a detailed account of Afghan journalism in The Course of Journalism in Afghanistan. In Language Change: A History of Dari Persian (Facts), Mohammad Hossein Yamin discusses the origins and historical changes in Dari Persian. Rasoul Rahin also provides a clear picture of Afghan journalism from its inception to the present in The History of the Press in Afghanistan from Shams al-Nahar to the Republic. Finally, Mohammad Halim Tanveer examines influential figures in the early days of Afghan journalism in his work, The History of Journalism in Afghanistan.
Methodology
This research is library-based. The study is fundamental in nature and employs an analytical-descriptive method. It compares the semantic changes in Persian words as seen in Shams al-Nahar (the first printed periodical in Afghanistan) and Kabul Weekly (a more recent publication). The study focuses on three issues of each publication.
Discussion
Sociolinguists consider linguistic diversity to be an intrinsic feature of languages. They believe that social factors such as gender, social class, education, age, and ethnicity play a crucial role in creating and manifesting linguistic diversity. This perspective also applies to the evolution of the Persian language. Since its inception in Afghan journalism (in 1252 SH) until today, Persian has undergone significant lexical and semantic changes. In the last century, due to the development of journalistic language along with other factors, it has seen notable semantic transformations. The changes in language within journalism are influenced by various factors, including technological advancements, social and cultural changes, shifting news consumption patterns, and the evolving media landscape. Understanding the complex and reciprocal effects of these factors is essential for a comprehensive description of the causes underlying language change in journalism. Semantic change refers to alterations in the meaning of a word over time, which can be driven by various social, cultural, scientific, and technological factors. Lexical semantic changes can occur in several ways, including lexical substitution, lexical expansion, and lexical attrition.
Conclusion
The analysis of the findings reveals that out of 72 changed words in three issues of Shams al-Nahar, 26 words have fallen out of use, and 46 words are completely obsolete. In examining the factors behind these semantic changes in Shams al-Nahar compared to Kabul Weekly, the research indicates that some words entered the journalistic language of Shams al-Nahar through Urdu-language publications from British India. Additionally, the presence of less commonly used Arabic words in Shams al-Nahar reflects the influence of Arabic on its journalistic language. As we move further from the 13th century, it can be concluded that political, cultural, economic, and technological factors, along with a focus on simplicity in writing, have significantly impacted the evolution of journalistic language. These findings underscore the importance of continuous research in this field to better understand the ongoing dynamics of language change and its broader societal implications.
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